The popular term known as tmi” best relates to which of these guidelines for self-disclosure?

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MULTIPLE CHOICE

CHAPTER 2: COMMUNICATION AND IDENTITY

Creating and Presenting the Self

TRUE/FALSE
1. Identity management occurs only in face-to-face interactions.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

2. Research indicates that mediated communication offers advantages for identity management.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

3. The influence of significant others becomes less powerful as we grow older.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

4. The self-concept is extremely resistant to change.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

5. Compared with face-to-face interaction, online communication tends to limit the control we have over managing impressions.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

6. In many cases a self-concept is based on data which may have been true at one time, but are now obsolete.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

7. People with high self-esteem tend to disapprove of others more than people with low self-esteem.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

8. People who think highly of themselves are likely to think highly of others too.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

9. Our concept of self is shaped by the culture in which we have been reared.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

10. The self-concept is a relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

11. The self-concept is a constantly changing set of perceptions that others have of you.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

12. Personality traits are largely a result of genetics rather than of socialization.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

13. We tend to resist revising our own self-concept even if the new self image is more positive.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

14. All inaccurate self-concepts are overly negative.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

15. It is possible to have a more favorable image of yourself than the objective facts or the opinions of others warrant.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

16. The person you believe yourself to be in moments of honesty is called the presenting self.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

17. The face you try to show to others is called the perceived self.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

18. The text advises that we shouldn’t acknowledge our strengths because we will develop overly positive, distorted self-concepts.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

19. Most Western cultures have what is called a collective identity.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

20. Nonverbal behaviors play a big role in managing impressions.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

21. The process of identity management can result in dishonest behavior.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

22. Most researchers agree that we are born with many of our personality traits.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

23. According to your text, the self-concept influences much of our future behavior.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

24. Luckily, communication from others does not affect our self-concept.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

25. You shouldn’t listen to the “boosters” and “busters” others give you since your self-concept is only your view of yourself.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

26. All communication behavior is aimed at making impressions.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

27. Cognitive conservatism is the tendency to cling to an existing self-concept, even when evidence shows that it is no longer the case.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

28. The self-concept is a product of the positive and negative messages you have received throughout your life.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

29. Opinions of family members or teachers early in your life have little impact on the formation of your self-concept.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

30. Some individuals view themselves more favorably than what the real facts indicate.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

31. In a culture such as China or Japan, speaking directly is considered desirable.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

32. A competent communicator is able to call on different identities when necessary.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

33. Being a male or female makes little difference in how others communicate with us.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

34. Defensiveness can become a problem for someone who is presented with information that contradicts his/her self-perception.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

35. The only type of self-fulfilling prophecy that can occur is when your own expectations influence your behavior.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

36. According to your text, being a high self-monitor is helpful when we want to deliberately manage our impressions.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

37. Managing your identity can be useful when you are meeting someone at a party for the first time.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

38. How you feel about yourself does not influence your self-concept.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

39. A high level of self-esteem guarantees interpersonal success.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

40. Interpersonal experiences can shape your personality.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

41. All of the men in one study ranked themselves in the top half of the population in terms of their ability to get along with others.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

42. Young women struggle more with their self-esteem than do young men.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

43. Changing an obselete or distorted self-concept can be a good thing.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

44. The authors suggest one way to change your self-concept is to observe a person you admire.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

45. In one study of college men and women, only the men wanted their public selves to be viewed differently from their perceived selves.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

46. Regularly viewing your own Facebook page can actually enhance your self-esteem.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

47. Your well-constructed and carefully-managed Facebook profile can serve as an ego-booster to you.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

48. Selectively “friending” only people who stroke your ego can lead to a distorted self-concept.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

49. In the workplace, it might be a better idea to withhold information than to lie or intentionally deceive.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

50. Your text suggests that while benevolent lies are common, the truth is always the best course of action.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

51. Self-disclosure must be frequent to be effective.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

52. Cliches are the most revealing type of communication.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

53. A secret that has never before been shared with anyone would qualify as a deep disclosure.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

54. A well-documented conclusion from research is that one act of self-disclosure usually begets another.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

55. In interpersonal relationships, the rule is: The more self-disclosure the better.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

56. Since they are honest and true, comments to another, like “I’ve always thought you were a bit flaky,” have constructive effects in self-disclosure.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

57. Lies may help us avoid embarrassment.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

58. Couples are happiest when their levels of openness are roughly equal.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

59. Hints are more direct than equivocal statements.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

60. Most research shows that lies are almost always told for the benefit of the recipient.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

61. Your text makes the case that hints, benign lies, and equivocations are sometimes ethical alternatives to telling the truth.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

62. Self-disclosure of personal thoughts and feelings may be inappropriate and risky in the work setting.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

63. All self-disclosure is reciprocal.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

64. As a general rule, the best way to develop a positive interpersonal relationship is usually to begin that relationship by revealing a great amount of highly personal information about yourself.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

65. According to the text, real self-disclosure does not involve attempts at control of the other.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

66. The “Blind” window of the Johari model represents things about yourself that another may know about you, but you do not.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

67. The “Unknown” window of the Johari model represents things about yourself that another knows, but you do not.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

68. The social penetration model represents both the breadth and the depth of your self-disclosure with another person.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

69. Not all self-disclosure draws people closer.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

70. Research shows that deception threatens relationships.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

71. Some lies are designed to initiate interaction.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

72. If faced with a choice to tell a face-saving lie or deliver an equivocal message, most people will tell the lie.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

73. Research supports that the quality of self-disclosure is not linked to marital satisfaction.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

74. The most intimate relationships are those in which disclosure is great in both breadth and depth.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

75. “Talking a problem out” can be helpful in clarifying your beliefs, opinions, thoughts, attitudes, and feelings.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

76. Reciprocity usually occurs on a turn-by-turn basis.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

77. Silence is never an appropriate alternative to self-disclosure because it indicates a lack of interest in the relationship.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

78. One study of deception determined that the average lie rate was 5 fibs every 10 minutes of conversation.

A. True

B. False

ANS: F PTS: 1

79. Anonymously sharing your secret online with others who do the same may have a cathartic effect.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

80. A high amount of self-monitoring is helpful in situations of deliberate identity management, such as a job interview.

A. True

B. False

ANS: T PTS: 1

MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Research described in your text about mediated communication suggests that

A.	it may be an advantage for creating a desired impression.
B.	it permits a responder to ignore a message rather than be unpleasant.
C.	it can lack the “richness” of many nonverbal channels.
D.	all of the above are supported by research.
E.	none of the above are supported by research.

ANS: D PTS: 1

2. In the example of schoolchildren taken from the book Pygmalion in the Classroom,

A.	the less intelligent children performed better than expected.
B.	the more intelligent children performed better than expected.
C.	the children teachers predicted would do better, did so.
D.	all the children performed the same because they had similar self-concepts.
E.	teachers improved their self-concepts by working with good children.

ANS: C PTS: 1

3. Self-fulfilling prophecies are

A.	negative predictions of our behavior, imposed by others.
B.	negative predictions of our behavior, imposed by ourselves.
C.	positive or negative predictions of our behavior, imposed by others and/or ourselves.
D.	almost always negative predictions, imposed by ourselves and/or others.
E.	none of the above.

ANS: C PTS: 1

4. Which of the following is not an example of a self-fulfilling prophecy?

A.	A child fails a test after hearing her teacher tell her mother that she never does well on tests.
B.	A student who previously complained of stage fright loses his place during a class speech and can’t go on.
C.	A husband reluctantly agrees, with reservations, to his wife’s request that they spend the holiday visiting Disneyland. He has a terrible time.
D.	Both b and c above qualify as examples of self-fulfilling prophecies.
E.	All of the above qualify as examples of self-fulfilling prophecies.

ANS: E PTS: 1

5. All of the following are true of the self-concept except that

A.	it is objective.
B.	it is changing.
C.	it is, in part, a product of interaction with others.
D.	it is, in part, a product of our early childhood experience.
E.	it can be changed.

ANS: A PTS: 1

6. The term “self-concept” refers to

A.	the sum of one’s physiological, social, and psychological attributes as perceived by an impartial observer.
B.	the way an individual believes others perceive her/him.
C.	the total of an individual’s own beliefs about his/her physical characteristics, intelligence, aptitudes, and social skills.
D.	the sum of one’s psychological, social, and physical attributes as perceived by a significant other.
E.	none of the above.

ANS: C PTS: 1

7. A “significant other” is best defined as

A.	a powerful adult.
B.	a person who is likely to or has affected one’s self-concept.
C.	a totally supportive person.
D.	an extremely negative influence.
E.	all of the above.

ANS: B PTS: 1

8. According to your text, “ego-boosters and busters” are

A.	examples of how people ruin their self-concepts by taking drugs.
B.	people or messages that influence the self-concept positively or negatively.
C.	the two essential elements of self-concept development.
D.	ways to predict how children will become good or bad readers.
E.	intentionally vague labels we give to mask true self-concepts.

ANS: B PTS: 1

9. The relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself is called your

A.	self-concept.
B.	interpersonal self.
C.	perceptual bias.
D.	self-feedback.
E.	self-orientation.

ANS: A PTS: 1

10. A self-fulfilling prophecy is

A.	an accurate prediction about another’s behavior, based on background knowledge.
B.	a prediction about one’s own behavior, based on past experience.
C.	a prediction that affects the outcome of one’s own or another’s behavior.
D.	a mistaken prediction which fails to occur.
E.	none of the above.

ANS: C PTS: 1

11. In individualistic cultures, a view of the self would involve all of the following except

A.	self-sufficiency.
B.	high value on tradition.
C.	high value on equality.
D.	high value on change.
E.	personal credit or blame.

ANS: B PTS: 1

12. Someone who is a “significant other” is

A.	“socially” conscious.
B.	a person whose opinion we especially value.
C.	always a supportive person.
D.	a person with significant goals.

ANS: B PTS: 1

13. If you want to change your self-concept, you should

A.	have realistic expectations and perceptions.
B.	ask others to send you only positive messages.
C.	take yourself less seriously.
D.	It is not possible to change the self-concept.

ANS: A PTS: 1

14. People who have low self-esteem

A.	are likely to approve of others.
B.	perform well when being watched.
C.	work harder for critical people.
D.	expect to be rejected by others.
E.	had traumatic childhoods.

ANS: D PTS: 1

15. People who have high self-esteem

A.	expect to be accepted by others.
B.	have less of a need to work hard for people who demand high standards.
C.	are unable to defend themselves against negative comments.
D.	don’t perform well when being watched.

ANS: A PTS: 1

16. The kind of person you believe yourself to be is called the

A.	perceived self.
B.	desired self.
C.	presenting self.
D.	myth of self.
E.	transient self.

ANS: A PTS: 1

17. All of the following are examples of social comparison except

A.	being judged for a test based on other student’s grades.
B.	thinking over how you have added muscle mass in the last four months.
C.	deciding to go on a diet after looking at models in a magazine.
D.	judging your fitness level in contrast to others in the gym.
E.	all of the above are examples of social comparison.

ANS: B PTS: 1

18. “Reference groups” are

A.	people whose self-concepts we have influenced.
B.	individuals whose self-esteem has been diminished.
C.	groups against which a person compares him/herself.
D.	groups formed to improve shaky self-esteem.
E.	people who hang around the library.

ANS: C PTS: 1

19. According to your text, telling ourselves we “can’t” change our self-concept could

A.	let others share control in the relationship.
B.	help us accept our limitations.
C.	create a self-fulfilling prophecy.
D.	express equality through our humanity.

ANS: C PTS: 1

20. The tendency to seek and attend to information that conforms to an existing self-concept has been labeled

A.	reflected appraisal.
B.	significance posturing.
C.	the stability hypothesis.
D.	cognitive conservatism.
E.	the weak spine phenomenon.

ANS: D PTS: 1

21. The communication strategies people use to influence how others view them is the process of

A.	ego-video.
B.	reflected appraisal.
C.	manipulation.
D.	social ethics.
E.	identity management.

ANS: E PTS: 1

22. People who hold excessively negative self-evaluations of themselves may do so due to

A.	distorted feedback.
B.	society’s emphasis on perfection.
C.	obsolete information.
D.	social expectations.
E.	all of the above.

ANS: E PTS: 1

23. Kiko still thinks of herself as a struggling student although as a college student her GPA is a 3.5. This is an example of

A.	self-monitoring.
B.	self-fulfilling prophecy.
C.	cognitive conservatism.
D.	myth of perfection.
E.	distorted feedback.

ANS: C PTS: 1

24. People try to manage their identities in order to

A.	initiate a relationship.
B.	save another’s face.
C.	get others to do something they want.
D.	none of the above.
E.	all of the above.

ANS: E PTS: 1

25. According to your text, all of the following are ways that can help in changing your self-concept except

A.	seeking advice from books and others.
B.	being realistic in how you perceive yourself.
C.	determining what may be inaccurate feedback from others.
D.	being willing to change.
E.	comparing yourself to people in the mass media.

ANS: E PTS: 1

26. The characteristic ways you think and behave across a variety of situations describes your

A.	self-concept.
B.	personality.
C.	self-esteem.
D.	self-worth.
E.	none of the above.

ANS: B PTS: 1

27. When Joe hangs his framed medical degrees on his office wall he is managing his identity through

A.	appearance.
B.	manner.
C.	setting.
D.	image.
E.	role.

ANS: C PTS: 1

28. To say that identity management is collaborative means that

A.	both people communicating agree with each other.
B.	each person creates an identity in response to the other’s behavior.
C.	each person creates a similar identity.
D.	both people decide on their identities together.
E.	none of the above.

ANS: B PTS: 1

29. The process whereby the self-concept develops due to the way we believe others see us is called

A.	reflected appraisal.
B.	social comparison.
C.	feedback.
D.	other-imposed prophecy.
E.	distortion.

ANS: A PTS: 1

30. An example of a presenting self is

A.	Minh is very attentive in class and asks questions about the material to her professor.
B.	Minh regularly calls her friends, remembers birthdays, and listens to friends’ problems.
C.	Minh is never late for work, volunteers for work committees, and turns in work on time.
D.	all of the above.
E.	none of the above.

ANS: D PTS: 1

31. Psyching yourself up before a soccer game is an example of

A.	positive prediction.
B.	a self-imposed prophecy.
C.	other-imposed prophecy.
D.	anxiety reduction.
E.	none of the above.

ANS: B PTS: 1

32. Which of the following does not characterize identity management?

A.	Identity management is collaborative.
B.	We construct multiple identities.
C.	Collaboration in identity management doesn’t mean the same thing as agreement.
D.	Identity management is always deliberate.
E.	Not all behavior is aimed at making impressions.

ANS: D PTS: 1

33. Popular TV shows featuring makeovers suggest to us that our appearance must be improved, which can lead us to feel worse about ourselves. This idea best relates to

A.	reflected appraisal.
B.	social comparison.
C.	self-fulfilling prophecy.
D.	identity management.
E.	presenting self.

ANS: B PTS: 1

34. Chandra looking at many different Facebook profiles and then feeling better about herself is an example of

A.	reflected appraisal.
B.	social comparison.
C.	self-fulfilling prophecy.
D.	identity management.
E.	presenting self.

ANS: B PTS: 1

35. The ability to manage identities in different settings and cultures is a feature of

A.	high self-esteem.
B.	too much self-disclosure.
C.	social exchange theory.
D.	communication competence.
E.	equivocation.

ANS: D PTS: 1

36. Googling your own name to see what comes up might inspire you to manage your public identity by engaging in