Religiosity is measured by sociologists using all of the following, except

Cards Return to Set Details

Term

Durkheim conceptualized social facts as:a. one’s personal drives and motivations.b. social patterns that are external to individuals.c. the embodiment of sui generic.
d. the direct outgrowth of our biological drives.

Definition

b.social patterns that are external to individuals.

Term

A criticism of _____ is that it understates the cohesion and stability found in society. a. functionalismb. conflict theoryc. symbolic interaction theory
d. exchange theory

Definition

Term

A sociologist wants to find out what the attitudes toward drinking are among the students at the university where she works. What would be considered the population for this study? a. a subset of the student population who will answer a questionnaireb. the entire student body at that universityc. all of the university students in the U.S.
d. everyone on that university campus, including students and non-students

Definition

b.the entire student body at that university

Term

Which of the following statements about Marx is true? a. Marx focused more on individuals than social structure in his analysis of society.b. Marx considered all of society to be shaped by economic forces.c. A limitation of Marx’s work was his failure to recognize the effects of class on social behavior.
d. Marx’s evolutionary concept of societal development and change is almost identical to that of Durkheim’s.

Definition

b.Marx considered all of society to be shaped by economic forces.

Term

A researcher who lives among the homeless in an effort to understand their norms is an example of: a. participant observationb. content analysisc. unobtrusive observation
d. survey research

Definition

a. participant observation

Term

The benefit of participant observation is that ita. adds personal experience to objective knowledge from other sources.b. takes much less time than other research methods.c. is easier than other methods to generalize to a broader population.
d. clearly establishes cause and effect.

Definition

a. adds personal experience to objective knowledge from other sources.

Term

If a sociologist wants to know how students feel about the cost of living in residence halls, the most appropriate research method to use would be _____.a. an experimentb. a surveyc. observation
d. searching university records

Definition

Term

In what way does symbolic interaction theory differ from conflict theory and functionalism?a. Conflict theory and functionalism are theoretical frameworks and symbolic interactionism is not.b. Conflict theory and functionalism focus on immediate social interaction and symbolic interactionism does not.c. Symbolic interactionism does not examine society in terms of its abstract institutions, and conflict and functionalist theory do.
d. Symbolic interactionism is a macro-level approach; conflict theory and functionalism are not.

Definition

Term

A student’s grades are not an accurate reflection of the student’s intelligence. Therefore a student’s grades lack _____ in a study of intelligence.Choose one answer.a. validityb. reliabilityc. objectivity
d. abstraction

Definition

Term

A student is given the same survey three times, each time sitting alone in a room. The student’s results on the survey are different each time. This is an indication that the surveyChoose one answer.a. is not reliable.b. is not valid.c. doesn’t cover the material it was supposed to.
d. is biased.

Definition

Term

The organic metaphor refers toChoose one answer.a. seeing a particular society as untarnished by the influence of others.b. sociologists working in the community, not being strictly academic.c. seeing society as a system of interrelated functions and parts.
d. understanding behavior from the perspective of those engaged in it.

Definition

Not AI think:
C. Seeing society as a system of interrelated functions and parts.

Term

Applying the _____means that one has the ability to see the societal patterns that influence individual and group life.Choose one answer.a. sociological perspectiveb. sociological idealc. sociological philosophy
d. sociological context

Definition

a. sociological perspective

Term

The fundamental principle or lesson of sociology is thatChoose one answer.a. it is not possible to truly understand human behavior.b. the social context shapes what people do and think.c. it is easiest to study the most extreme and unusual behavior.
d. sociology just restates the obvious in empirical ways.

Definition

a. it is not possible to truly understand human behavior.

Term

What is the disadvantage of doing an experiment?Choose one answer.a. experiments may be artificial, eliminating any real life effectsb. experiments are not able to establish causationc. experiments rely on too many independent variables
d. experiments are too expensive for most sociologists to conduct

Definition

a. experiments may be artificial, eliminating any real life effects

Term

To study human behavior, sociologists use _____.Choose one answer.a. debunked mythsb. empirical analysisc. media
d. common sense

Definition

Term

Which of the following is an example of primary data?Choose one answer.a. the research used in another sociologist’s studyb. police reports of crimec. the results of a one’s own sociological surveyd. birth data from the Bureau of Vital Statistics
Correct

Definition

c. the results of a one’s own sociological survey

Term

Compared to survey research, participant observation creates a greater risk thatChoose one answer.a. the research is not measuring what it is designed to.b. the researcher may be subjective in their interpretations.c. the results are will not be easily understood by other researchers.
d. the research process is too analytical.

Definition

b. the researcher may be subjective in their interpretations.

Term

Which of the following is not one of the arguments of conflict theory?Choose one answer.a. inequality exists because those with wealth work to defend their advantagesb. society is fragmented into groups that compete for social and economic resourcesc. social order is maintained by consensus and interdependence
d. the dominant groups shape the beliefs of others through control of public information

Definition

c. social order is maintained by consensus and interdependence

Term

Critics of functionalism argue that it:Choose one answer.a. fails to emphasize the fact that society’s component parts work together as a whole systemb. places too much emphasis on social stability, and overlooks the roles of power and conflict in societyc. is too microsociological in its approach
d. all of the above

Definition

b. places too much emphasis on social stability, and overlooks the roles of power and conflict in society

Term

Functionalist theorists and conflict theorists both share the belief thatChoose one answer.a. all parts of society work together.b. social behavior originates in the structure of society.c. theory should focus on interpersonal, face-to-face interaction.
d. power and exploitation are the basis for order in society.

Definition

b. social behavior originates in the structure of society.

Term

Functionalism emphasizes all of the following exceptChoose one answer.a. the consensus that exists in society.b. the order that exists in society.c. shared public values.
d. the role of coercion and power.

Definition

d. the role of coercion and power.

Term

To study the difference in academic achievement between male and female athletes, one might look at rates of graduation among university students involved in sports. This is an example of _____ research.a. quantitativeb. qualitativec. inductive
d. nonscientific

Definition

Term

Based on what you read you think that people whose parents are divorced are more likely to become divorced themselves. As you begin your research you state your belief that if a person’s parents are divorced that person is more likely to become divorced themselves. This is an example of a _____.Choose one answer.a. research designb. statement of causalityc. hypothesis
d. generalized conclusion

Definition

d. generalized conclusion

Term

What is the purpose of sociological theory?Choose one answer.a. To make sociology seem more academic.b. To organize and interpret observations.c. To provide a way to do sociology without having to conduct research.
d. To describe what sociology is.

Definition

b. To organize and interpret observations.

Term

When used as data for sociological analysis, national opinion polls, and census data are all considered _____.Choose one answer.a. invalidb. unreliablec. secondary sources
d. primary sources

Definition

Term

You eat everyday in the same cafeteria on campus and notice that everyone seems to sit with the same group of people whenever they come to eat. You notice that people seem to be sitting with others who share traits such as race or gender, and you decide to explore if this is the case. What kind of reasoning does this involve?Choose one answer.a. applied reasoningb. inductive reasoningc. deductive reasoning
d. conceptual reasoning

Definition

Term

A study of how women are depicted in advertisements is an example what method?Choose one answer.a. literature reviewb. content analysisc. questionnaire
d. analysis of secondary data

Definition

Term

Weber theorized that value-free sociology could not exist since values would always influence what sociologists considered worthy of study. Because they could not be completely value-free, Weber believed that sociologists shouldChoose one answer.a. not worry about whether or not their research is biased.b. use their research to promote particular political perspectives.c. acknowledge the influence of values and try to be as objective as possible.
d. avoid research and stick to theoretical writing.

Definition

c. acknowledge the influence of values and try to be as objective as possible.

Term

Which of the following is not a step in the scientific research process?Choose one answer.a. hypothesis testingb. finding funding for the researchc. observation
d. data analysis

Definition

b. finding funding for the research

Term

A fundamental concept for using one’s sociological imagination is the distinction that Mills made betweenChoose one answer.a. mechanical and organic solidarity.b. troubles and issues.c. the gemeinschaft and the gesellschaft.
d. social status and social dynamics.

Definition

Term

If a sociologist considered tattoos a form of deviance, they would categorize it as a type of ______ deviance.Choose one answer.a. formalb. situationalc. anomic
d. informal

Definition

Term

Individuals often join _____ organizations for monetary reasons.Choose one answer.a. coerciveb. volunteerc. normative
d. utilitarian

Definition

Term

Molly wants to be a nurse. During college she volunteers at the local hospital. This is an example of:Choose one answer.a. resocialization.b. anticipatory socialization.c. adolescent socialization.
d. medical socialization.

Definition

b. anticipatory socialization.

Term

A person reads in the newspaper that a Black youth has been shot by a White police officer. If no other information is available, attribution theory suggests thatChoose one answer.a. a White person will view the shooting as an unnecessary act of violence.b. both Black and White people will assume that youth gang activity was a problem.c. a Black person will likely believe the shooting was unnecessary, while a White person will assume the officer acted appropriately.
d. neither a Black nor a White person will make any assumptions about the situation until they have learned more information.

Definition

c. a Black person will likely believe the shooting was unnecessary, while a White person will assume the officer acted appropriately.

Term

Social scientists and others debate whether humanness is naturally occurring or socially created. This is called the ______ debate.Choose one answer.a. inherent – innateb. internal-externalc. nature – nurture
d. sociology – biology

Definition

Term

Through the process of socialization we do all of the following, exceptChoose one answer.a. learn the customs, habits, and practices of one’s society.b. develop our identity.c. form our individual personality.
d. experience diversity.

Definition

Term

Which type of theorist is most likely to emphasize that culture serves the interest of powerful group in society?Choose one answer.a. functionalismb. conflict theoryc. symbolic interaction
d. new cultural studies

Definition

Term

Which of the following is an example of a dyad?Choose one answer.a. your parents and youb. a married couplec. your sociology class
d. all 18-year-olds

Definition

Term

From the perspective of conflict theorists, social institutionsChoose one answer.a. exist to protect the rights of those with less power in society.b. provide for some members of society more than for others.c. create meaning for the people who participate in them.
d. hold society together.

Definition

b. provide for some members of society more than for others.

Term

Which of the following is not an example of a coercive organization?Choose one answer.a. prisonb. mental hospitalc. church
d. juvenile detention center

Definition

Term

Sociologists would consider crime to be a form of _____ deviance.Choose one answer.a. informalb. formalc. situational
d. inherent

Definition

Term

AARP and the NAACP are examples of _____ organizations.Choose one answer.a. affiliativeb. normativec. coercive
d. utilitarian

Definition

Term

The theory of organization that sees participation in an organization as a means of self-actualization is a type of _____.Choose one answer.a. functionalist theoryb. conflict theoryc. symbolic interaction theory
d. social exchange theory

Definition

c. symbolic interaction theory

Term

According to the text, the example of attitudes toward smoking in the U.S. demonstrates the concept thatChoose one answer.a. perceptions of deviance are influenced by social change.b. smoking should not have been considered acceptable.c. laws are needed in order to best define deviant behavior.
d. evidence of risk is enough to change behavior.

Definition

a. perceptions of deviance are influenced by social change.

Term

Youths raised with parents who are deviant are more likely to be deviant themselves. This is an illustration of:Choose one answer.a. labeling theoryb. functionalismc. differential association
d. social control theory

Definition

Term

The type of social solidarity that exists in the United States and other industrialized societies is _____ solidarity.Choose one answer.a. communalb. mechanicalc. organic
d. integrated

Definition

Term

Functionalist theorists contend that social institutionsChoose one answer.a. assure the stability and continuance of society.b. provide for some segments of society at the expense of others.c. distribute power to the various segments of society unequally.
d. shape individual identity and personality.

Definition

a. assure the stability and continuance of society.

Term

In Bowling Alone, Robert Putnam argues that there has been a decline in civic engagement resulting inChoose one answer.a. a decline in shared values and an increase in social disorder.b. economic hardship for many voluntary organizations.c. a lack of socialization opportunities for children.
d. more demands for social welfare programs from the government.

Definition

a. a decline in shared values and an increase in social disorder.

Term

The Ku Klux Klan and Neo-Nazis are both examples of which type of structural strain?Choose one answer.a. retreatismb. ritualismc. innovation
d. rebellion

Definition

Term

Applying Milgram’s research on conformity to the torture of prisoners by American soldiers that took place at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq demonstrates thatChoose one answer.a. the torture of prisoners by American soldiers must have been the act of a few cruel and deranged people.b. the reasons that prisoners were tortured by soldiers lay within the social structure and the group pressure of the situation.c. the American soldiers are in no way responsible for their actions.
d. only new recruits with little experience would conform to authority if told to intentionally harm another person.

Definition

b. the reasons that prisoners were tortured by soldiers lay within the social structure and the group pressure of the situation.

Term

Tommy joined a cult where he was given a new name and moved away from his family in order to learn the “right way.” Tommy is going through _____.Choose one answer.a. anticipatory socializationb. reverse socializationc. resocialization
d. amalgamation

Definition

Term

In the immediate aftermath of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, many Americans publicly demonstrated their patriotism. This is an illustration of Durkheim’s belief thatChoose one answer.a. people only mobilize when they feel threatened.b. the definition of deviance is relative to the situation.c. deviance produces social solidarity.
d. some societies will not tolerate deviance.

Definition

c. deviance produces social solidarity.

Term

People stand during the National Anthem and are emotionally moved by a cross or Star of David becauseChoose one answer.a. these symbols have an innately significant.b. of the significance people bestow on them as cultural symbols.c. crosses and stars are instinctually moving to people.
d. people innately know how to behave when facing these symbols.

Definition

b. of the significance people bestow on them as cultural symbols.

Term

Freedom, justice, and education are examples of:Choose one answer.a. sanctionsb. functionsc. values
d. mores

Definition

Term

Cultural relativism is the idea thatChoose one answer.a. a phenomena should be understood and judged only in relationship to the cultural context in which it appears.b. things should be viewed from one’s own point of view.c. culture is diffused throughout the world.
d. cultures are created in reaction to social change.

Definition

a. a phenomena should be understood and judged only in relationship to the cultural context in which it appears.

Term

According to the conflict perspective, when the elite in society violate norms or laws they are not considered deviant becauseChoose one answer.a. their deviant behavior is not as damaging to society as that of the lower classes.b. they don’t violate norms that affect other people.c. they have the resources to hide or mask their behavior.
d. they are punished for slight infractions.

Definition

c. they have the resources to hide or mask their behavior.

Term

Although the process of socialization promotes conformity, individual are also shaped by resistance to conformity and to oppression. This is an argument of _____.Choose one answer.a. conflict theoryb. functionalismc. social learning theory
d. symbolic interaction theory

Definition

Term

Anne is a college student and a full-time employee and a mother of two young children. Anne is likely experiencingChoose one answer.a. role conflict.b. role strain.c. status inconsistency.
d. status sets.

Definition

Term

Regardless of the city one is in, a hamburger purchased at McDonalds is always very much the same. This is due to what Ritzer called _____.Choose one answer.a. efficiencyb. calculabilityc. predictability
d. control

Definition

Term

Which of the following is not characteristic of Weber’s “ideal type” bureaucracy?Choose one answer.a. cooperative structures for accomplishing tasksb. impersonal relationshipsc. formal rules and regulations
d. high levels of efficiency

Definition

I think:
a. cooperative structures for accomplishing tasks

Term

Which of the following is an example of non-materialculture?Choose one answer.a. a paintingb. a fashion magazinec. a building
d. table manners

Definition

Term

______ are statuses that demonstrate that it is difficult to draw a firm line between ascribed and achieved statuses.Choose one answer.a. Occupation and educationb. Social class and genderc. Age and occupation
d. Being a parent and being a student

Definition

I think b. Social class and gender
Definitely not A, or D.

Term

Which theorist used the concept of the looking glass self to explain how the self emerges in interaction with others?Choose one answer.a. Charles Horton Cooleyb. George Herbert Meadc. Sigmund Freud
d. Jean Piaget

Definition

Term

According to _____, society relies upon conformity to maintain stability and social equilibrium making socialization into the ways of one’s society very important.Choose one answer.a. psychoanalytic theoryb. functionalismc. social learning theory
d. object relations theory

Definition

Term

Children learn race and gender within all of the following, exceptChoose one answer.a. the family.b. school.c. the media.
d. the economy.

Definition

Term

Mead believed that children acquire a concept of the generalized other during the _____ stage of childhood socialization.Choose one answer.a. imitationb. playc. game
d. preoperational

Definition

Term

According to symbolic interactionists, cultureChoose one answer.a. serves the interests of powerful groups.b. creates group identity from diverse cultural meaning.c. provides coherence and stability to society.
d. is unpredictable and constantly changing.

Definition

b. creates group identity from diverse cultural meaning.

Term

Which of these would interest a sociologist who prefers macroanalysis of social interaction?Choose one answer.a. the pattern and content of cliques in a high schoolb. how laws governing family leave have affected families in the U.S.c. how members of a gang feel about the crimes they commit
d. the daily lives of people in a homeless shelter

Definition

b. how laws governing family leave have affected families in the U.S.

Term

Puerto Ricans in New York and the Amish are examples of __________.Choose one answer.a. subculturesb. minority culturesc. majority groups
d. counter cultures

Definition

Term

Which of the following is an example of egotistic suicide?Choose one answer.a. teen suicideb. suicide bombersc. elder suicide
d. suicide for religious reasons

Definition

Term

Students are expected to spend a lot of time on their studies, but students are also increasingly expected to perform some sort of volunteer work and to socialize in their residence halls. The result isChoose one answer.a. role strain.b. anomie.c. role conflict.
d. role breakdown.

Definition

Term

Which of these is an example of something a sociologist would consider from the microlevel analysis of social interaction?Choose one answer.a. day to day life in a sorority houseb. poverty in the U.S.c. the causes of homelessness
d. rates of urban crime

Definition

a. day to day life in a sorority house

Term

Considering oneself as part of “people like us” is an example of being part of _____.Choose one answer.a. an out-groupb. an instrumental groupc. a reference group
d. an in-group

Definition

Term

A medical doctor and a judge are examples of _____.Choose one answer.a. ascribed statusesb. achieved statusesc. assumed statuses
d. acquired statuses

Definition

Term

A soldier who kills in battle is not considered deviant, but a murderer is. This illustrates the point thatChoose one answer.a. killing is not morally deviant.b. whether or not behavior is considered deviant depends on the context.c. soldiers are not judged as harshly as others in the general population when it comes to how they behave.
d. military law supersedes civil law.

Definition

b. whether or not behavior is considered deviant depends on the context.

Term

Socialization agents teach us the social expectations of society. According to the text,Choose one answer.a. social institutions are never socialization agents.b. individual people are not socialization agents.c. everyone is potentially a socializing agent.
d. it is impossible to identify the true socialization agents in society

Definition

c. everyone is potentially a socializing agent.

Term

According to the concept of the social construction of reality,Choose one answer.a. there is no reality beyond that which is produced by social interaction.b. the truth of a situation may be difficult for us to recognize at first.c. people supporting different teams will agree on the fairness of the referees, because whether something is a foul or not is a matter of fact.
d. many things have their own intrinsic or inherent meaning.

Definition

a. there is no reality beyond that which is produced by social interaction.

Term

Which of the following statements is false regarding ethnocentrism?Choose one answer.a. Ethnocentrism may be a strong force for group solidarity.b. Only Americans are ethnocentric.c. Ethnocentrism discourages intergroup understanding.
d. One’s own culture is taken for granted so it may be difficult to understand other people’s culture.

Definition

b. Only Americans are ethnocentric.

Term

A high school student acts bored in class and the teacher decides she is a bad student. This teacher discusses the student with other teachers who then treat that student as if she were a bad student. This describes the process of _____.Choose one answer.a. differential associationb. cultural transmissionc. labeling
d. weakening social bonds

Definition

Term

People generally follow norms for behavior becauseChoose one answer.a. they fear serious punishment for violations.b. they’ve thought about all their actions and act in the way they find best.c. they are forced to do so.
d. they have learned and internalized the common expectations for behavior.

Definition

d. they have learned and internalized the common expectations for behavior.

Term

Elements of the everyday world that are not considered sacred are called _____.Choose one answer.a. profaneb. sanctifiedc. sacred
d. revered

Definition

Term

According to the _____ perspective, excessive bureaucratization of the health care system and privatization has lead to excessive cost.Choose one answer.a. functionalistb. conflictc. symbolic interactionist
d. feminist

Definition

Term

Angela woke up this morning with a temperature of 99.8. According to the functionalist perspective, her decision regarding whether she is sick or not often depends on _____.Choose one answer.a. her social considerations of the dayb. whether there are other symptoms of illness presentc. if a doctor diagnoses her as sick
d. her need for sympathy

Definition

a. her social considerations of the day

Term

The _____ perspective focuses on the process of how expectations are created as students and teachers interact.Choose one answer.a. functionalistb. conflictc. symbolic interactionist
d. postmodern

Definition

c. symbolic interactionist

Term

Betty lives with her husband, their daughter, and her grandchildren. Betty lives in a/n _____ family.Choose one answer.a. matrilinealb. extendedc. nuclear
d. patrilocal

Definition

Term

The relationship between health care providers and patients, for example the patronizing use of “we” by some nurses, and calling patients by their first names, is most likely to be studied by the _____ perspective.Choose one answer.a. functionalistb. conflict theoryc. symbolic interactionist
d. social control

Definition

c. symbolic interactionist

Term

The boomerang generation refers to people between the ages of eighteen and twenty-four whoChoose one answer.a. return home to live with their parents.b. enter college for a few years, then drop out, and re-enter.c. hook up and break up with the same person multiple times.
d. marry and divorce before the age of 25.

Definition

a. return home to live with their parents.

Term

Sociologists have found that most of the problems faced by households headed by women are primarily the result ofChoose one answer.a. the absence of male authority figures.b. the threat of poverty that is connected with being a single mother.c. the psychological pressure of heading a household.
d. excess media attention that creates the perception of a problem.

Definition

a. the absence of male authority figures.

Term

A teacher believes that Latinos are poor at math. Interaction between a Latino student and the teacher has the affect of encouraging the Latino student to fail. This phenomenon is called _____.Choose one answer.a. sortingb. a latent functionc. the expectancy effect
d. tracking

Definition

Term

The process of labeling a student a “good student,” the attention the teacher pays to that student, and the adjustment of a student’s behavior to meet expectations is explained by _____ theory.Choose one answer.a. functionalistb. conflictc. symbolic interactionist
d. feminist

Definition

c. symbolic interactionist

Term

Which of these statements does not describe one of the functions of religion?Choose one answer.a. Religion establishes norms for behavior.b. Religion establishes moral proscriptions for behavior.c. Religion serves to preserve diversity and cultural relativism.
d. Religion provides answers to questions of ultimate meaning.

Definition

c. Religion serves to preserve diversity and cultural relativism.

Term

According to the _____ perspective, the positive functions of the health care system are the prevention and treatment of disease.Choose one answer.a. functionalistb. conflictc. symbolic interactionist
d. feminist

Definition

Term

From a(n) _____ perspective unequal education is used to separate different groups and benefit those in the middle and upper classes.Choose one answer.a. functionalistb. conflictc. symbolic interactionist
d. interpretivist

Definition

Term

According to functionalists, education accomplishes all of the following, except:Choose one answer.a. socialization.b. occupational training.c. social control.
d. teacher expectancy.

Definition

Term

According to the text, which of these is not a major contributor to skyrocketing health-care costs in the U.S.?Choose one answer.a. increasing costs of hospital careb. the costs of malpractice insurancec. third party payment system
d. high rates of uninsured

Definition

d. high rates of uninsured

Term

Durkheim’s emphasis on rituals and shared meanings fits with which types of sociological theory?Choose one answer.a. conflict theory and functionalismb. functionalism and symbolic interactionismc. symbolic interactionism and conflict theory
d. exchange theory and functionalism

Definition

b. functionalism and symbolic interactionism

Term

The Affordable Health Care for America Act of 2010 does all of the following, except:Choose one answer.a. require all people to purchase a health insurance plan.b. prohibit insurers from rejecting customers based on preexisting conditions.c. provide free health coverage for all children under the age of 18.
d. require employers to provide health insurance for employees.

Definition

c. provide free health coverage for all children under the age of 18.

Term

Religion is an institutionalized system of _____ by which a group of people interprets and responds to what they feel is sacred and that provides answers to questions of ultimate meaning.Choose one answer.a. symbolsb. beliefsc. values
d. all of the above

Definition

Term

Even if the poor had better access to health care services, they would still have lower health status for all of the following reasons, except:Choose one answer.a. low-income neighborhoods are more likely to have elevated rates of pollution.b. the psychological stress of financial burdens is related to ill health.c. there are some detrimental personal habits, such as smoking, that are correlated with lower social class.
d. health care is more expensive for lower class individuals.

Definition

d. health care is more expensive for lower class individuals.

Term

According to _____ the family as an institution reinforces and supports power relations in society.Choose one answer.a. functionalismb. conflict theoryc. symbolic interaction theory
d. exchange theory

Definition

Term

_____ focus on the processes through which people learn social identities through their interactions with others in a family.Choose one answer.a. Functionalismb. Conflict theoryc. Symbolic interaction theory
d. Feminist theory

Definition

c. Symbolic interaction theory

Term

Many of the physical signs of aging such as balding, wrinkles, and a sagging chin or buttocks are now treated by physicians. This process of turning something into a medical matter is termed _______.Choose one answer.a. monopolization of medicineb. professionalism of medicinec. mediphobia
d. medicalization

Definition

Term

The study of all the factors associated with disease in society is called _____.Choose one answer.a. epidemiologyb. etiologyc. entomology
d. social gerontology

Definition

Term

“Religion is the basis for intergroup conflict.” This statement most closely reflects _____.Choose one answer.a. functionalismb. conflict theoryc. symbolic interaction theory
d. feminist theory

Definition

Term

It is the belief of _____ that religion was developed by the oppressed to relieve their distress.Choose one answer.a. functionalismb. conflict theoryc. symbolic interaction theory
d. social exchange theory

Definition

Term

Weber’s analysis of the Protestant ethic demonstratesChoose one answer.a. that religious beliefs are able to shape even secular dimensions of national culture.b. the matriarchal nature of Protestantism.c. the weaknesses of Emile Durkheim’s views on the functions of religion.
d. that religion does serve as a type of drug for people who are disadvantaged in life.

Definition

a. that religious beliefs are able to shape even secular dimensions of national culture.

Term

_____ theorists argue that families serve to socialize children into being obedient workers and good consumers to fit the needs of capitalism.Choose one answer.a. Functionalistb. Conflictc. Symbolic interaction
d. Social exchange

Definition

Term

Talcott Parsons was the first sociologist to analyze the ____ as it pertains to health and medicine.Choose one answer.a. sick roleb. influence of religionc. affect of mental attitude
d. affects of living in the inner city

Definition

Term

During and after World War II, Todd worked in an asbestos factory. His occupation is an example of and occupation that is ______.Choose one answer.a. in a sanitized enironment subject to safety standardsb. considered a low-risk occupationc. done with out occupational safety standards
d. done in a disabling environment

Definition

d. done in a disabling environment

Term

What is the relationship between formal education and occupational status?Choose one answer.a. There is none; many people are “self-taught” and work their way up the corporate ladder.b. The higher one’s occupational status, the greater the likelihood that person has a great deal of formal education.c. Many years of formal education virtually guarantees one will have a high prestige job.
d. Many high prestige jobs require little formal education.

Definition

b. The higher one’s occupational status, the greater the likelihood that person has a great deal of formal education.

Term

Separating students according to some measure of cognitive ability (ability grouping) is most commonly called _____.Choose one answer.a. cognitive differentiationb. trackingc. classroom stratification
d. student leveling

Definition

Term

Which of the following countries spends the highest proportion of their gross national product on health care?Choose one answer.a. Canadab. Greecec. Italy
d. United States

Definition

Term

What impact did industrialism have on the family in the U.S.?Choose one answer.a. it brought more production work into the householdb. it created an economy based on cash instead of domestic productionc. small family businesses took the place of production for household use only
d. women were able to earn as much or more than men for the first time

Definition

b. it created an economy based on cash instead of domestic production

Term

_____ are particularly interested in the way in which families create stability by teaching people the norms and values of society.Choose one answer.a. Functionalistsb. Conflict theoristsc. Symbolic interactionists
d. Exchange theorists

Definition

Term

The types of religious organization that tend to be seen by society as primary and most legitimate are _____.Choose one answer.a. sectsb. churchesc. cults
d. factions

Definition

Term

Cults form around leaders with great _____, a quality attributed to individuals believed by their followers to have special powers.Choose one answer.a. humilityb. intelligencec. charisma
d. compassion

Definition

Term

What is the relationship between Christianity and governance within the U.S.?Choose one answer.a. The U.S. effectively separates all religion from government.b. In the U.S. Christianity is often treated as if it is the national religion.c. The U.S. incorporates holidays and rituals of all faiths equally into its public observances.
d. The government of the U.S. prohibits religions other than Christianity.

Definition

b. In the U.S. Christianity is often treated as if it is the national religion.

Term

Research on tracking has found all of the following, except:Choose one answer.a. students in the lower tracks learn less because they are taught less.b. even students with the same test scores are put into different tracks according to their race and social class.c. less is expected of lower track students and so their academic performance is lower.
d. detracking penalizes high achieving students.

Definition

d. detracking penalizes high achieving students.

Term

From a(n) _____ perspective, married couples create for themselves an identity that is influenced by the definitions others in society have of marriage, in addition to their own definitions.Choose one answer.a. functionalismb. conflict theoryc. symbolic interactionist
d. exchange theory

Definition

c. symbolic interactionist

Term

The sociological view of marriage is that itChoose one answer.a. is a romantic and loving union of two individuals.b. involves a complex set of social dynamics.c. is a private matter separate from other institutions.
d. cannot be studied using sociological methods.

Definition

I think it is:b. involves a complex set of social dynamics.
But also may be C.

Term

Comparative research finds that women are more nearly equal to men in societies whereChoose one answer.a. women perform a lot of the domestic labor.b. women have responsibility for child care.c. women have access to education.
d. work is highly segregated by sex.

Definition

c. women have access to education.

Term

The perspective that argues that minority groups’ life chances result from the opportunities formed by the interactions of class, race, and gender is called _____.Choose one answer.a. functionalismb. the intersection perspectivec. social interactionism
d. social exchange theory

Definition

b. the intersection perspective

Term

The culture of poverty explanation of poverty contends that poverty is the result ofChoose one answer.a. economic restructuring in the U.S.b. the status of women in the labor market today.c. a lack of individual motivation and ability on the part of the poor.
d. the welfare system as it presently exists.

Definition

c. a lack of individual motivation and ability on the part of the poor.

Term

Government support for particular birth control technologiesChoose one answer.a. is a form of regulating sexual and reproductive behavior.b. does not occur within the U.S.c. has no affect on the decisions that individuals make about reproductive behavior.
d. discriminates against women.

Definition

a. is a form of regulating sexual and reproductive behavior.

Term

The examples of India and China as newly industrializing countries are notable because they demonstrateChoose one answer.a. that communist countries can develop economically.b. that countries with large populations may experience successful economic development.c. that economic development may take place without industrialization.
d. how economies can improve without government investment.

Definition

b. that countries with large populations may experience successful economic development.

Term

In school, children learn knowledge and skills, as well as gender roles. Schools are:Choose one answer.a. gendered institutions.b. gendered apartheid.c. discriminatory institution.
d. patriarchal system.

Definition

a. gendered institutions.

Term

A problem with the terms “Latino” and “Latina” is that theyChoose one answer.a. only refer to Mexican Americans and are not inclusive.b. refer only to Latin Americans in the U.S. for several generations.c. do not reflect the diversity of groups who are included in the category.
d. are not used by sociologists.

Definition

c. do not reflect the diversity of groups who are included in the category.

Term

According to _____ theory, sexual violence such as rape or sexual harassment is the result of power imbalances between men and women.Choose one answer.a. functionalistb. conflictc. symbolic interaction
d. social exchange

Definition

Term

Which type of feminism is most concerned with the interrelationship of race, class and gender?Choose one answer.a. socialist feminismb. multiracial feminismc. gendered institutions
d. “doing gender”

Definition

Term

What is the sociological term for the socially learned expectations and behaviors that are associated with being male and being female?Choose one answer.a. sexualityb. role playingc. gender
d. sex

Definition

Term

How is homophobia related to gender socialization?Choose one answer.a. Homophobia encourages conformity to gender expectations.b. Homophobia illustrates the validity of biological determinism.c. Sociologists find that the effect of homophobia on peer socialization has been overstated.
d. Research on homophobia indicates that the “social construction of gender” is a myth.

Definition

Term

The _____ theory argues that gender differences in earnings exist because men and women tend to work in different segments of the paid work force.Choose one answer.a. human capitalb. dual labor marketc. differential association
d. power elite

Definition

Term

How is environmental degradation related to global stratification?Choose one answer.a. The type of environmental degradation and its impact depends on the location of the country in the global stratification system.b. The wealthiest nations are unaffected by environmental degradation.c. The poorest nations are not developed enough to experience problems with environmental degradation.
d. Environmental degradation is not related to the global stratification.

Definition

a. The type of environmental degradation and its impact depends on the location of the country in the global stratification system.

Term

How is social class related to the context of terrorism?Choose one answer.a. Suicide bombers are often recruited from among the poorly educated and impoverished groups in a society.b. The leaders of terrorist movements come from the poorest classes and bear a great of resentment toward those in wealthier countries.c. Rates of terrorism increase significantly when a country begins to develop economically.
d. The negative consequences of terrorism are experienced more dramatically by the upper class.

Definition

a. Suicide bombers are often recruited from among the poorly educated and impoverished groups in a society.

Term

Social mobility occurring within a generation is called _____ mobility.Choose one answer.a. intergenerationalb. intragenerationalc. extragenerational
d. co-generational

Definition

Term

Using power as a dimension, the countries of the world can be divided economically into three levels. Those with the most power are the _____.Choose one answer.a. core countriesb. peripheral countriesc. semiperipheral countries
d. cornerstone nations

Definition

Term

What is the most important factor for determining the racial categories within any society?Choose one answer.a. The beliefs and interests of the most powerful group(s) in society.b. The amount of difference in ancestry or “blood” that different groups have.c. The degree to which members of different groups differ from each other biologically.
d. The language that each group speaks.

Definition

a. The beliefs and interests of the most powerful group(s) in society.

Term

According to _____, poverty results from adherence to traditional values and customs.Choose one answer.a. modernization theoryb. dependency theoryc. world systems theory
d. social exchange theory

Definition

Term

Which of the following is an example of intergenerational mobility?Choose one answer.a. A daughter rises above the class of her parents.b. A man’s class status changes due to a bad investment.c. A woman’s class status changes as a result of business success.
d. After having children, a couple’s class status drops.

Definition

a. A daughter rises above the class of her parents.

Term

The assimilation perspective argues that in order to be full members of society members of minority groups must adopt as many aspects of the dominant culture as possible. This perspective pertains to which type of sociological theory?Choose one answer.a. conflict theoryb. functionalist theoryc. symbolic interactionism
d. authoritarian personality

Definition

Term

In regards to the intersection of race and class, Black AmericansChoose one answer.a. in the middle class are not segregated from whites as are poorer Blacks.b. are more likely to be working class than are whites.c. are more likely to be middle class than working class.
d. look more like Asian Americans that Whites.

Definition

b. are more likely to be working class than are whites.

Term

The _____ perspective explains sexual identity as self-definition that develops through interaction with others.Choose one answer.a. functionalistb. conflictc. social construction
d. social exchange

Definition

Term

Jokes that use humor to stereotype a group as stupid or inept are often repeated substituting different ethnic groups. This is an example of the concept of ______.Choose one answer.a. cultural relativismb. stereotype interchangeabilityc. selective identity
d. universal applicability

Definition

b. stereotype interchangeability

Term

When members of the subordinated classes internalize the views of the dominant class and justify inequality, Karl Marx termed this ______.Choose one answer.a. false consciousnessb. class consciousnessc. normative consciousness
d. stratified consciousness

Definition

Term

Feminist theorists have focused on the ways in which gender is created and reinforced through social interaction. This is an ethnomethodological perspective termed ______.Choose one answer.a. gender orientationb. feminist interpretivismc. institutionalized gender
d. “doing gender”

Definition

Term

Which of the following is the best example of institutional discrimination?Choose one answer.a. Airport security procedures that specify people who appear to be Middle Eastern should be scrutinized more closely than others.b. A waiter refusing to serve a Black man who sits in his section.c. Dr. Jones, a professor, claiming she doesn’t even notice the color of her students’ skin.
d. A landlord who will never rent to anyone who has dark skin.

Definition

a. Airport security procedures that specify people who appear to be Middle Eastern should be scrutinized more closely than others.

Term

How would a functionalist explain unequal wages between men and women?Choose one answer.a. Women experience overt discrimination.b. Women are socialized into roles that lead them to make choices that might result in lower wages.c. Women’s work is devalued in comparison with men’s.
d. Women have less power than do men.

Definition

b. Women are socialized into roles that lead them to make choices that might result in lower wages.

Term

According to _____, social change leads to an international division of labor that benefits the few who receive profits, while exploiting those in the poorest and least powerful nations.Choose one answer.a. modernization theoryb. dependency theoryc. world systems theory
d. social exchange theory

Definition

Term

Gender conformity is an issue for:Choose one answer.a. Only females.b. Only males.c. Both males and females.
d. Neither males nor females.

Definition

c. Both males and females.

Term

In a caste system, one’s place in the stratification system is an _____ status; in a class system, one’s place in the stratification system is an _____ status.Choose one answer.a. achieved; ascribedb. master; achievedc. ascribed; master
d. ascribed, achieved

Definition

Term

The majority of the wealthy countries, as measured by the GNI were in:Choose one answer.a. North America.b. Asia.c. western Europe.
d. the Middle East.

Definition

Term

Contact theory argues that interaction between Whites and minorities will reduce prejudice on the part of both groups if all of the following conditions are met, except:Choose one answer.a. the parties interact on equal ground.b. the contact is sustained.c. social norms favoring equality are agreed upon by the participants.
d. all parties agree to work to reduce the prejudice.

Definition

d. all parties agree to work to reduce the prejudice.

Term

______ theory explains global inequality using the characteristics of individual nations; ______ theory argues no country or set of countries may be understood in isolation from the others.Choose one answer.a. Dependency / modernizationb. World systems / modernizationc. Modernization / world systems
d. Modernization / dependency

Definition

c. Modernization / world systems

Term

_____ is the psychological theory that argues that members of the dominant group vent their frustrations and aggressions toward minority groups instead of the real source of their frustration.Choose one answer.a. Contact theoryb. Scapegoat theoryc. Pluralist frustration theory
d. Functionalist theory

Definition

Term

Even when husbands and wives are both employed outside of the home, the bulk of the domestic responsibilities fall on women. The sociological term for this is ______.Choose one answer.a. the dual labor marketb. gender segregationc. the second shift
d. familial inequity

Definition

Term

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a racial or ethnic minority group?Choose one answer.a. They possess characteristics considered different from those of the dominant group.b. They suffer prejudice and discrimination within the society by the dominant group.c. Group members share a sense of solidarity and identity.
d. Group members share common beliefs.

Definition

d. Group members share common beliefs.

Term

According to dependency theorists, multinational corporationsChoose one answer.a. play an active role in keeping dependent nations poor.b. are good for the domestic economies of less developed countries.c. provide a valuable market for raw materials for poor nations.
d. alleviate some global inequality.

Definition

d. alleviate some global inequality.

Term

According to _____ theory, norms that restrict sex to marriage encourage the formation of families.Choose one answer.a. functionalistb. conflictc. symbolic interaction
d. social exchange

Definition

Term

The system of apartheid in South Africa was an example of a(n) _____ system of stratification.Choose one answer.a. estateb. castec. class
d. socialist

Definition

Term

What is the relationship between the concepts of sexual orientation and sexual identity?Choose one answer.a. Sexual orientation is something deeply rooted in an individual; sexual identity develops within a social context.b. Sexual identity is biological; sexual orientation is socially constructed.c. They mean essentially the same thing.
d. One’s sexual orientation determines one’s sexual identity.

Definition

d. One’s sexual orientation determines one’s sexual identity.

Term

The practice of traveling to particular parts of the world in order to engage in commercial sexual activity is termed _____.Choose one answer.a. sex traffickingb. sex tourismc. sex capitalism
d. international sexism

Definition

Term

A new addition to World Systems Theory is a focus on _____ which explains how differential profits are attached to the production of goods and services in the world market.Choose one answer.a. the neo-Marxistsb. the new international division of laborc. differential association
d. public policy

Definition

b. the new international division of labor

Term

The sociological perspective that defines classes in terms of their structural relationship to other classes and their relationship to the economic system is the _____.Choose one answer.a. functionalist perspectiveb. conflict perspectivec. symbolic interactionist perspective
d. exchange perspective

Definition

Term

A relatively fixed, hierarchical arrangement in society by which groups have different access to resources, power, and perceived social worth is called _____.Choose one answer.a. social differentiationb. social stratificationc. social inequality
d. social status

Definition

Term

Max Weber called the opportunities that people have in common by virtue of belonging to a particular class _____.Choose one answer.a. strata indicatorsb. social attributesc. life chances
d. social anomalies

Definition

Term

Anita believes that the oppression of women is based on the capitalist economy. Anita is a:Choose one answer.a. liberal feministb. functionalistc. conflict theorist
d. socialist feminist

Definition

Term

The process of learning the expectations for behavior associated with each sex is called _____.Choose one answer.a. sexual differentiationb. gender socializationc. gender polarization
d. sexual norm internalization

Definition

Term

Educational tracking and racial profiling are both examples of ______.Choose one answer.a. color-blind racismb. institutional racismc. aversive racism
d. Jim Crow racism

Definition

Term

Blaming Blacks for economic inequality and resistance to policies that might alleviate racial oppression is considered ______.Choose one answer.a. traditional racismb. aversive racismc. color-blind racism
d. symbolic or laissez-faire racism

Definition

d. symbolic or laissez-faire racism

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