Seek Truth and
Report It Ethical journalism should be accurate and fair. Journalists should be honest and courageous in gathering, reporting and interpreting information.
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Minimize Harm Ethical journalism treats sources, subjects, colleagues and members of the public as human beings deserving of respect.
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Act Independently The highest and primary obligation of ethical journalism is to serve the public.
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Be Accountable and Transparent Ethical journalism means taking responsibility for one’s work and explaining one’s decisions to the public.
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Ethics are the set of moral principles that guide a person's behavior.
Define ethics and how it applies to organizations
- Ethical behavior is based on written and unwritten codes of principles and values held in society.
- Ethics reflect beliefs about what is right, what is wrong, what is just, what is unjust, what is good, and what is bad in terms of human behavior.
- Ethical principles and values serve as a guide to behavior on a personal level, within professions, and at the organizational level.
- behavior: The way a living creature acts.
- ethics: The study of principles relating to right and wrong conduct.
- values: A collection of guiding principles; what one deems to be correct, important, and desirable in life, especially regarding personal conduct.
While ethical beliefs are held by individuals, they can also be reflected in the values, practices, and policies that shape the choices made by decision makers on behalf of their organizations. The phrases business ethics and corporate ethics are often used to describe the application of ethical values to business activities. Ethics applies to all aspects of conduct and is relevant to the actions of individuals, groups, and organizations.
In addition to individual ethics and corporate ethics there are professional ethics. Professionals such as managers, lawyers, and accountants are individuals who exercise specialized knowledge and skills when providing services to customers or to the public. By virtue of their profession, they have obligations to those they serve. For example, lawyers must hold client conversations confidential and accountants must display the highest levels of honest and integrity in their record keeping and financial analysis. Professional organizations, such as the American Medical Association, and licensing authorities, such as state governments, set and enforce ethical standards.The concept of corporate social responsibility emphasizes ethical behavior in that it requires organizations to understand, identify, and eliminate unethical economic, environmental, and social behaviors.
Moral reasoning is the process in which an individual tries to determine what is right and what is wrong.
Explain the role of ethical moral reasoning in the business environment
- There are four components of moral behavior: moral sensitivity, moral judgment, moral motivation, and moral character.
- To make moral assessments, one must first know what an action is intended to accomplish and what its possible consequences will be on others.
- Studies have uncovered four skill sets that play a decisive role in the exercise of moral expertise: moral imagination, moral creativity, reasonableness, and perseverance.
- goodwill: The ability of an individual or business to exert influence within a community, club, market, or another type of group, without having to resort to the use of an asset (such as money or property).
- ethics: The study of principles relating to right and wrong conduct.
- Moral sensitivity, which is "the ability to see an ethical dilemma, including how our actions will affect others."
- Moral judgment, which is "the ability to reason correctly about what 'ought' to be done in a specific situation."
- Moral motivation, which is "a personal commitment to moral action, accepting responsibility for the outcome."
- Moral character, which is a "courageous persistence in spite of fatigue or temptations to take the easy way out."
- Moral imagination: The ability to see the situation through the eyes of others. Moral imagination achieves a balance between becoming lost in the perspectives of others and failing to leave one's own perspective. Adam Smith terms this balance "proportionality," which we can achieve in empathy.
- Moral creativity: Moral creativity is closely related to moral imagination, but it centers on the ability to frame a situation in different ways.
- Reasonableness: Reasonableness balances openness to the views of others with commitment to moral values and other important goals. That is, a reasonable person is open, but not to the extent where he is willing to believe just anything and/or fails to keep fundamental commitments.
- Perseverance: Perseverance is the ability to decide on a moral plan of action and then to adapt to any barriers that arise in order to continue working toward that goal.
William LeMesseur designed the Citicorp Building in New York. When a student identified a critical design flaw in the building during a routine class exercise, LeMesseur responded not by shooting the messenger but by developing an intricate and effective plan for correcting the problem before it resulted in drastic real-world consequences.
Culture reflects the moral values and ethical norms governing how people should behave and interact with others.
Explain the role of culture in shaping moral and ethical behavior
- Culture refers to the outlook, attitudes, values, goals, and practices shared by a group, organization, or society.
- Interpretation of what is moral is influenced by cultural norms, and different cultures can have different beliefs about what is right and wrong.
- According to the theory of cultural relativism, there is no singular truth on which to base ethical or moral behavior, as our interpretations of truths are influenced by our own culture.
- ethnocentric: Of the idea or belief that one's own culture is more important than, or superior to, other cultures.
- moral relativism: Refers to any of several philosophical positions concerned with the differences in moral judgments among different people and across different cultures.
- norms: Rules or laws that govern a group's or a society's behaviors.
Cultural map of the world: This diagram attempts to plot different countries by the importance of different types of values. One axis represents traditional values to secular-rational values, while the other axis accounts for survival values and self-expression values. Different groups of countries can be grouped into certain categories, such as Catholic Europe, English speaking, and Ex-Communist.
Cultural norms are the shared, sanctioned, and integrated systems of beliefs and practices that are passed down through generations and characterize a cultural group. Norms cultivate reliable guidelines for daily living and contribute to the health and well-being of a culture. They act as prescriptions for correct and moral behavior, lend meaning and coherence to life, and provide a means of achieving a sense of integrity, safety, and belonging. These normative beliefs, together with related cultural values and rituals, impose a sense of order and control on aspects of life that might otherwise appear chaotic or unpredictable. This is where culture intersects with ethics. Since interpretations of what is moral are influenced by cultural norms, the possibility exists that what is ethical to one group will not be considered so by someone living in a different culture. According to cultural relativists this means that there is no singular truth on which to base ethical or moral behavior for all time and geographic space, as our interpretations of truths are influenced by our own culture. This approach is in contrast to universalism, which holds the position that moral values are the same for everyone. Cultural relativists consider this to be an ethnocentric view, as the universal set of values proposed by universalists are based on their set of values. Cultural relativism is also considered more tolerant than universalism because, if there is no basis for making moral judgments between cultures, then cultures have to be tolerant of each other.The French and Americans have different views on whistle-blowing. Compared to the French, American companies consider it to be a natural part of business. So natural, in fact, that they set up anonymous hotlines. The French, on the other hand, tend to view whistle-blowing as undermining solidarity among coworkers.
Employees can more easily make ethical decisions that promote a company's values when their personal values match the company's norms.
Explain the role of personal values in influencing behavior in organizations
- Personal values provide an internal reference for what is good, beneficial, important, useful, beautiful, desirable, and constructive.
- Personal values take on greater meaning in adulthood as they are meant to influence how we carry out our responsibilities to others.
- To make ethical and moral choices, one needs to have a clear understanding of one's personal values.
- value: A standard by which an individual determines what is good or desirable; a measure of relative worth or importance.
- norms: According to sociologists, social norms are the laws that govern society's behaviors.
- The most important influence on our values comes from the families we grow up with. The family is responsible for teaching children what is right and wrong long before there are other influences. It is thus said that a child is a reflection of his or her parents.
- Teachers and classmates help shape the values of children during the school years.
- Religion (or a lack thereof) also plays a role in teaching children values.
If you value equal rights for all and you go to work for an organization that treats its managers much better than it does its workers, you may form the attitude that the company is an unfair place to work; consequently, you may not produce well or may even leave the company. It is likely that if the company had a more egalitarian policy, your attitude and behaviors would have been more positive.
Ethical decisions involve judgments of facts and situations that are subject to interpretation and other influences.
Analyze the gray areas of ethical expectations within the context of corporate decision making and ethical business practice
- Identifying the ethical choice can be difficult, since many situations are ambiguous and facts are subject to interpretation.
- In organizations, employees can look to the code of ethics or the statement of values for guidance about how to handle ethical gray areas.
- Individual ethical judgement can be clouded by rationalizations to justify one's actions.
- business ethics: The branch of ethics that examines questions of moral right and wrong arising in the context of business practice or theory.
- norms: According to sociologists, social norms are the laws that govern society's behaviors.
This way to ethics: Ethical decisions are not always clear-cut.
American companies are often criticized for the treatment of workers who produce their products in China. However, rules concerning the rights of workers are much more relaxed in China than in the United States. Does an American company have the right to order factory owners in China to change their way of doing business? That is one example of an ethical gray area in today's globalized economy.