In an excerpt taken from “The Nature Of Emotion“, Dr. Ekman lays out five factors of mood vs. emotion. Variations in duration, provocation, modulation, facial expression, and awareness of cause support Dr. Ekman’s argument for the difference between mood and emotion. Moods can last for hours while emotions last anywhere from seconds to minutes, at most. This is why it’s typically easier to identify emotional triggers but difficult to pinpoint the trigger for our moods. Moods also don’t have their own unique facial expressions whereas the universal emotions do. DurationIn the debate of mood vs emotion, moods can be distinguished from emotions in terms of their duration and, presumably, also in terms of… the neural circuitry that directs and maintains each of these affective states. While there is no agreement about how long an emotion lasts, most of those who study the difference between mood and emotion recognize that moods last longer. I have maintained (Ekman, 1984) that emotions are brief, typically lasting anywhere from a matter of seconds to minutes, at most. So, when we speak of an emotion lasting for an extended amount of time (hours),it’s more likely that we are summating recurrent emotional episodes within that timeframe and not actually experiencing a constant and consistent emotion. Moods, however, can last for hours, sometimes even days, and can be difficult to shake. It’s important to note that if a particular state endures for weeks or months, though, it is not a mood but more properly identified as an affective disorder. Provocation of emotionTo add to the complexity of their relationship, moods appear to lower the threshold needed to arouse related emotions. An example of this would be when you’re in an irritable mood and finding yourself feeling angry much more readily than usual. When in an irritable mood, people construe the world around them in a way that permits, if not calls for, an angry response, as if they are seeking an opportunity to indulge the emotion relevant to their mood. Modulation of emotionLooking at the management of emotions vs. moods, it becomes significantly more difficult to modulate (regulate) one’s emotion(s) if they occur during or within a mood. Presumably, a person in an irritable mood will not be able to modulate an episode of anger as easily or quickly as they would otherwise. Not only should the anger during an irritable mood be more intense and less controlled, it should decay more slowly (last longer). Facial expressionsAnother feature used to argue the difference between moods and emotions is expression. Moods do not own their own unique facial expression while many of the emotions do (in fact, there are seven universal emotions that present with the same expressions regardless of age, sex, and social environment). One infers an irritable mood by seeing many facial expressions of anger, but there is no distinctive facial expression of irritability itself, nor is there for any other mood, emotional traits, or affective disorders. Awareness of causeAlthough I know of no direct evidence to support this final claim, I propose that most people can specify what triggered an emotion but are unable to do so for a mood. Triggers can come from the environment we’re in or from our memory. They can even be imagined. To say that a person can specify what called forth their emotional reaction is not to suggest that people are typically aware of that event provoking the emotion as it is occurring. If they are, it is likely that the event is unfolding slowly. For most of us, our awareness of the source for that emotional reaction doesn’t occur much before the emotional episode is over, if not much alter. Moods, however, are more opaque in this regard.
Which of the following statements is true regarding sources of moods and emotions? A) Reduced sleep makes a person more alert during waking hours. B) Physical and informal activities increase positive mood. C) Weather has a controlling effect on moods. D) Intensity of negative emotions increases with age.E) Mounting levels of stress at work create positive emotions. We use anti-plagiarism software to ensure you get high-quality, unique papers. Besides, our writers have a zero plagiarism mentality We offer warranty service, including free revisions, and a right to request a refund incase your expectations are not met! Essentials of Organizational Behavior, 11e (Robbins/Judge) Chapter 3 Emotions and Moods 1) Which of the following is a generic term that covers a broad range of feelings that people experience? A) affect B) emotions C) moods D) emotional labor E) cognition Answer: A Explanation: A) Affect is defined as a broad range of feelings that people experience, and it encompasses both moods and emotions. Emotions are intense feelings directed at someone or something. Moods are less intense feelings than emotions and often (though not always) lack a contextual stimulus. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 Objective: Affect Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 2) Which of the following statements is true regarding emotions? A) Emotions are caused by specific events. B) Emotions last longer than moods. C) Moods are more action oriented in nature than emotions. D) Emotions are generally not indicated by distinct facial expressions. E) Emotions are less intense feelings than moods. Answer: A Explanation: A) Emotions are caused by specific events. Moods last longer than emotions. Emotions are usually accompanied by distinct facial expressions. Moods are less intense feelings than emotions. Emotions are more action oriented in nature than moods. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 Objective: Affect Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 3) Which of the following terms best describes intense feelings that are directed at someone or something? A) affect B) cognition C) moods D) emotional labor E) emotions Answer: E Explanation: E) Emotions are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something. Emotions are reactions to a person (seeing a friend at work may make you feel glad) or an event (dealing with a rude client may make you feel angry). Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 Objective: Emotions Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 4) Which of the following terms best describes feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions? A) affect B) cognition C) moods D) thoughts E) reactions Answer: C Explanation: C) Moods are feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that lack a contextual stimulus. Moods, aren't usually directed at a person or an event. Moods may be more cognitive, meaning they may cause us to think or brood for a while. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 Objective: Moods Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 5) Julia works as a receptionist in a real estate company. One morning her boss comes in the door and yells at her, telling her that the front office is a mess and that she needs to get up and clean it immediately. After her boss leaves the room, Julia grabs three magazines and violently slams them into the trash can. Which of the following best describes Julia's anger? A) an affect B) a thought C) a mood D) an emotion E) a mental process Answer: D Explanation: D) Julia is experiencing the intense feeling of anger, which is an emotion directed toward her boss. Emotions are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something and are more likely to be caused by a specific event. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Emotions Quest. Category: Application LO: 1 6) Erin works at a software company, in charge of the help desk. After being yelled at by a customer about the state of her company's software, she becomes angry, and has to take a short break to calm down. What makes her anger an emotion, rather than a mood? A) It is a simple, unambiguous feeling. B) Her response is prolonged. C) It has a contextual stimulus. D) Her response is not accompanied by facial expressions. E) It is cognitive in nature. Answer: C Explanation: C) Erin's feelings are brought on by being yelled at, which is a contextual stimulus. Her response is short, rather than prolonged. These are both characteristics of emotion. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Emotions Quest. Category: Application LO: 1 7) When the team he supports wins the World Cup, Robert feels a surge of joy, which turns into a feeling of satisfaction that lasts for days. What is one of the reasons that the feeling of satisfaction might be categorized as a mood and not an emotion? A) It is a very strong feeling. B) It is brought about by a specific event. C) It has a lengthy duration. D) It is a positive feeling. E) It is expressed on his face. Answer: C Explanation: C) Robert's general ambiguous feeling of happiness is ongoing or prolonged, which is a characteristic of mood. Contextual stimulus, strong feelings, and facial expression are characteristics of emotion. Both mood and emotion can be positive. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Moods Quest. Category: Application LO: 1 8) When Ariana is told that her dog has been killed by a car, her eyes widen in disbelief and tears begin to stream down her face. Later that day she is able to laugh and talk about the fun times she had with her dog. What is one of the reasons that Ariana's reaction can be categorized as an emotion? A) It is a general, unambiguous feeling. B) It is accompanied by facial expressions. C) It has a lengthy duration. D) It is a positive feeling. E) Her reaction is cognitive in nature. Answer: B Explanation: B) Ariana's shock and crying are visible on her face, a characteristic of emotion. Most experts believe emotions are more fleeting than moods, which is why Ariana is able to laugh and talk about the fun times she had with her dog later that day. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Emotions Quest. Category: Application LO: 1 9) Which of the following statements is true regarding moods? A) Emotions are less intense feelings than moods. B) Emotions last longer than moods. C) As compared to emotions, moods are more action oriented in nature. D) Emotions are more cognitive in nature. E) Moods are generally not indicated by distinct facial expressions. Answer: E Explanation: E) Moods are generally not indicated by distinct facial expressions. Moods are less intense feelings than emotions and last longer than emotions. Emotions are more action oriented in nature and moods are more cognitive in nature. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 Objective: Moods and Emotions Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 10) ________ is an emotion that falls into the category of high positive affect. A) Serenity B) Elation C) Fatigue D) Boredom E) Relaxation Answer: B Explanation: B) Positive affect is a mood dimension consisting of positive emotions such as excitement, elation, self-assurance, and cheerfulness at the high end and boredom, sluggishness, and tiredness at the low end. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Objective: Positive Affect Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 11) ________ is a pure marker of low positive affect. A) Stress B) Relaxation C) Boredom D) Tranquility E) Anxiety Answer: C Explanation: C) Negative affect is a mood dimension consisting of nervousness, stress, and anxiety at the high end and relaxation, tranquility, and poise at the low end. Boredom is a pure marker of low positive affect. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Objective: Basic Emotions Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 12) Negative affect is a mood dimension consisting of ________ at the low end. A) nervousness B) relaxation C) anxiety D) stress E) depression Answer: B Explanation: B) Negative affect is a mood dimension consisting of nervousness, stress, and anxiety at the high end and relaxation, tranquillity, and poise at the low end. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Objective: Moods Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 13) A ________ means that when nothing is going on, people are generally in a mildly good mood. A) low positive affect B) positivity offset C) high positive affect D) residual positivity E) high negative affect Answer: B Explanation: B) A positivity offset, means that at zero input most individuals experience a mildly positive mood. For most people, positive moods are somewhat more common than negative moods. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Objective: Positivity Offset Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 14) ________ is a pure marker of high positive affect. A) Excited B) Serenity C) Nervous D) Relaxed E) Boredom Answer: A Explanation: A) When we group emotions into positive and negative categories, they become mood states because we are now looking at them more generally instead of isolating one particular emotion. Excited is a pure marker of high positive affect. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Objective: Positive Affect Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 15) Positive affect is a mood dimension consisting of ________ at the low end. A) excitement B) stress C) nervousness D) tranquillity E) boredom Answer: E Explanation: E) We can think of positive affect as a mood dimension consisting of positive emotions such as excitement, self-assurance, and cheerfulness at the high end and boredom, sluggishness, and tiredness at the low end. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Objective: Positive Affect Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 16) Which of the following mood dimensions is a pure marker of high negative affect? A) depression B) stress C) fatigue D) boredom E) nervousness Answer: E Explanation: E) When we group emotions into positive and negative categories, they become mood states because we are now looking at them more generally instead of isolating one particular emotion. Nervousness is a pure marker of high negative affect. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 29 Objective: Negative Affect Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 17) ________ is a pure marker of low negative affect. A) Boredom B) Nervous C) Relaxed D) Excited E) Serenity Answer: A Explanation: A) Nervous is a pure marker of high negative affect; relaxed is a pure marker of low negative affect. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Objective: Negative Affect Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 18) What is positivity offset? A) having misperceptions of one's environment B) experiencing self-elation C) experiencing the fundamental attribution error D) exhibiting a self-serving bias when there is negative input E) experiencing a mildly positive mood at zero input Answer: E Explanation: E) Positivity offset is defined as the tendency of most individuals to experience a mildly positive mood at zero input (when nothing in particular is going on). Positivity offset does not have anything to do with misperceptions, biases, or errors. Positivity offset is mild positivity, not elation. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Objective: Positivity Offset Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 19) A researcher finds that people who work in a fish processing plant, doing work that most people find extremely unpleasant, still have a positive mood about 60 percent of the time. Which of the following concepts can explain such a finding? A) bandwagon effect B) framing effect C) the fundamental attribution error D) self-serving bias E) positivity offset Answer: E Explanation: E) The people in the plant are generally happy and positive which is the definition of positivity offset, or the tendency of most individuals to experience a mildly positive mood at zero input (when nothing in particular is going on). Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Objective: Positivity Offset Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 20) Emotions are ________. A) independent of the personality of individuals B) strongly affected by weather C) less intense as compared to moods D) less likely to be caused by a specific event than moods E) critical to rational thinking Answer: E Explanation: E) Emotions are critical to rational thinking. We must have the ability to experience emotions to be rational. Why? Because our emotions provide important information about how we understand the world around us. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30 Objective: Emotions Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 21) People feeling different emotions after being subjected to identical emotion-provoking stimuli is a result of ________. A) cognitive dissonance B) positivity offset C) emotional dissonance D) emotional labor E) personality Answer: E Explanation: E) Because of personality, most people have built-in tendencies to experience certain moods and emotions more frequently than others do, therefore giving different responses. The intensity with which a person experiences the emotion is based on personality. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30 Objective: Emotions and Personality Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 22) Which of the following is the term used for the strength with which individuals experience emotion? A) emotional dissonance B) affect intensity C) emotional labor D) positivity offset E) emotional intelligence Answer: B Explanation: B) Affect intensity is defined as the individual differences in the strength with which individuals experience their emotions. Affectively intense people experience both positive and negative emotions more deeply: when they're sad, they're really sad, and when they're happy, they're really happy. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 30 Objective: Affect Intensity Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 23) Ben is prone to experiencing emotions in a much stronger manner than most other people. Events that don't provoke any significant emotional response in the average person often send him into fits of happiness, anger, or depression. Ben has a high level of ________. A) emotional dissonance B) negative affect C) emotional intelligence D) positive affect E) affect intensity Answer: E Explanation: E) Affect intensity is defined as the individual differences in the strength with which individuals experience their emotions. Affectively intense people experience both positive and negative emotions more deeply: when they're sad, they're really sad, and when they're happy, they're really happy. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30 Objective: Affect Intensity Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 24) On which of the following days do people tend to be in their best moods? A) Monday B) Tuesday C) Wednesday D) Saturday E) Sunday Answer: D Explanation: D) Evidence shows that people tend to be in their worst moods (highest negative affect and lowest positive affect) early in the week, and in their best moods (highest positive affect and lowest negative affect) late in the week. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30,31 Objective: Moods and Days of the Week Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 25) On which day of the week does negative affect tend to be the highest? A) Sundays B) Mondays C) Tuesdays D) Wednesdays E) Thursdays Answer: B Explanation: B) Evidence shows that people tend to be in their worst moods (highest negative affect and lowest positive affect) early in the week, and in their best moods (highest positive affect and lowest negative affect) late in the week. The negative affect tends to be highest on Mondays. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30-31 Objective: Moods and Days of the Week Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 26) Research suggests which of the following relationships exists between the weather and mood? A) moderately positive effect B) moderately negative effect C) strong positive effect D) strong negative effect E) limited or little effect Answer: E Explanation: E) Contrary to the prevailing cultural view, data indicates that people do not report a better mood on bright and sunny days (or, conversely, a worse mood on dark and rainy days). The weather has little effect on mood. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31 Objective: Moods and Weather Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 27) Gerardo believes that every time he picks up a penny he is blessed with good fortune, due to the fact that, the last time he picked up a penny he had a lottery win, and the time before that he got a big bonus at work. Gerardo's perception is likely a product of a(n) ________. A) affect intensity B) high-positive affect C) emotional dimensions D) self-serving bias E) illusory correlation Answer: E Explanation: E) Illusory correlation is the tendency of people to associate two events when in reality there is no connection. It occurs when people associate two events that in reality have no connection. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Illusory Correlation Quest. Category: Application LO: 2 28) At what time during the day is the positive mood most likely to peak? A) 7 am B) 11 am C) 3 pm D) 7 pm E) 10 pm Answer: C Explanation: C) Our moods are affected by the time of the day. The positive mood peaks during the middle part of the day that is at around 3 pm. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31 Objective: Moods and Time of Day Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 29) Jo has a job interview. Which of the following will have the least effect on her feelings on the day of the interview? A) sleep quality that Jo had the night before B) the amount Jo exercised on that day C) Jo's age D) Jo's gender E) the weather on the day of the interview Answer: E Explanation: E) Contrary to the prevailing cultural view, data indicate that people do not report a better mood on bright and sunny days (or, conversely, a worse mood on dark and rainy days). Weather has little effect on mood. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 Objective: Moods and Weather Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 30) What effect do stressful events typically have on mood? A) short term positive B) long term positive C) short term positive but long term negative D) negative E) positive Answer: D Explanation: D) Stressful daily events at work negatively affect moods. Stress never has a positive affect on mood. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 Objective: Moods and Stress Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 31) Which of the following activities is most strongly associated with increase in positive mood? A) watching TV B) playing videogames C) reading a book D) going to a party E) surfing the Internet Answer: D Explanation: D) Social activities increase positive mood. Activities that are physical (skiing or hiking with friends), informal (going to a party), or epicurean (eating with others) are more strongly associated with increases in positive mood than events that are formal (attending a meeting) or sedentary (watching TV with friends, playing videogames, reading, computer usage). Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 Objective: Moods and Social Activities Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 32) Carlos is upset because his boss gave him work to finish over the weekend. It is Friday. Which of the following will least help Carlos lift his spirits? A) going skiing with friends B) playing videogames with his friends C) going out to dinner with his friends D) going to a party at his friend's house E) having his card club over for dinner at his house Answer: B Explanation: B) Social activities increase positive mood. Activities that are physical (skiing or hiking with friends), informal (going to a party), or epicurean (eating with others) are more strongly associated with increases in positive mood than events that are formal (attending a meeting) or sedentary (watching TV or playing video games with friends). Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Moods and Social Activities Quest. Category: Application LO: 2 33) Which of the following statements is true regarding the sources of moods and emotions? A) Moods and emotions are independent of the personality of the individuals. B) Sleep quality affects mood. C) The weather strongly affects moods. D) As we grow older, we experience more negative emotions. E) People tend to be in there best moods on Sundays. Answer: B Explanation: B) Many people believe their mood is tied to the weather. However, a fairly large and detailed body of evidence conducted by multiple researchers suggests weather has little effect on mood. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 Objective: Moods and Sleep Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 34) Which of the following statements is true about the difference between men and women when it comes to emotional reactions? A) Men are more emotionally expressive than women. B) Men experience emotions more intensely than women. C) Women express anger more frequently than men. D) Women tend to "hold onto" emotions longer than men. E) Men display positive emotions more frequently than women. Answer: D Explanation: D) Evidence does confirm women are more emotionally expressive than men; they experience emotions more intensely, they tend to "hold onto" emotions longer than men, and they display more frequent expressions of both positive and negative emotions, except anger. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 Objective: Moods and Gender Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 35) Andy, Ben, Liza, Ted, and Jim are online customer service representatives. They have all been reprimanded by their boss. Andy is 24 years old. Ben is 46 years old. Liza is 45 years old. Ted is 26 years old. Jim is 35 years old. Who is least likely to be upset by the reprimand? A) Andy B) Ben C) Liza D) Ted E) Jim Answer: B Explanation: B) Because Ben is older, and male, he is less likely to experience a high level of negative emotions. Younger people experience a higher number of negative emotions. Females experience higher levels of emotions. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 Objective: Moods Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 36) If an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions (irrespective of his true emotions), then it is known as ________. A) emotional labor B) negative affect C) positive affect D) emotional intelligence E) deviance Answer: A Explanation: A) Emotional labor is defined as a situation in which an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions at work, meaning that his job demands a certain set of emotional responses, regardless of true feelings. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33 Objective: Emotional Labor Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 37) Julie smiles and is polite to a customer at her checkout, even though she really deeply dislikes this customer. What is the term used to explain the disparity between the emotion Julie displays and the emotions she is actually experiencing? A) negative affect B) emotional dissonance C) affect intensity D) positive affect E) positivity offset Answer: B Explanation: B) Emotional dissonance is defined as the inconsistencies between the emotions people feel and the emotions they project. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33 Objective: Emotional Dissonance Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 38) ________ are the emotions that an individual is actually experiencing, despite what they might display. A) Felt emotions B) Displayed emotions C) Conditional emotions D) Surface emotions E) Disseminative emotions Answer: A Explanation: A) Felt emotions are an individual's actual emotions in contrast to displayed emotions or emotions that are organizationally required and considered appropriate in a given job. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 33 Objective: Felt Emotions Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 39) Which of the following is an example of deep acting? A) Sonora smiles at her cubicle neighbor when she walks by even though his behavior annoys her. B) Andy tells his employee that he isn't doing a good job and that he needs to shape up. C) Liz is worried about her sick dog, but makes her morning sales calls with a smile. D) David invites a co-worker that he doesn't like to lunch, in the hope of getting to know him better. E) Javier is angry at his boss so he calls in sick on Friday, the day the project is due, to get back at him. Answer: D Explanation: D) Deep acting is trying to modify our true inner feelings based on display rules. David is trying to change his feelings toward his co-worker by inviting him to lunch with the ambition of finding common ground when he gets to know him better. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 33 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Deep Acting Quest. Category: Application LO: 3 40) Ismael spent the morning in the field making sales calls. He called on four prospective clients and they all declined to purchase his company's product. Ismael returned to the office stressed and exhausted. He has an hour and a half for lunch before he has to make a large sales presentation to a current client, which Ismael hopes will expand his account. Which of the following is most likely to be the best way for Ismael to spend his lunch hour? A) He should prepare his sales pitch data and graphics on the computer. B) He should practice his sales pitch orally with a co-worker. C) He should go through the past sales orders placed by this client in order to better understand her requirements. D) He should rest and relax before the presentation. E) He should ask his boss to help him prepare the presentation. Answer: D Explanation: D) Ismael spent the morning surface acting, and has to do it again in the afternoon. Research shows surface acting is more stressful to employees because it entails feigning their true emotions. A study that looked at how cheerleading instructors spent their breaks from teaching found those who used their breaks to rest and relax were more effective instructors after their breaks. Instructors who did chores during their breaks were only about as effective after their break as they were before. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 33 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 3 41) What term is used for those emotions that an organization requires workers to show and considers appropriate in a given job? A) felt emotions B) displayed emotions C) conditional emotions D) required emotions E) mandated emotions Answer: B Explanation: B) Displayed emotions are emotions that are organizationally required and considered appropriate in a given job. Felt emotions are an individual's actual emotions. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 33 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 42) What do you call the practice of hiding inner feelings by modifying facial expressions? A) surface acting B) deep acting C) emotional intelligence D) affective camouflage E) confirmation bias Answer: A Explanation: A) Surface acting is defined as hiding one's inner feelings and forgoing emotional expressions in response to display rules, or rather outwardly showing emotions that are different from those that are felt. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 33 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 43) What do you call the practice of modifying one's true inner feelings based on display rules? A) surface acting B) deep acting C) emotional intelligence D) affective camouflage E) confirmation bias Answer: B Explanation: B) Deep acting is trying to modify one's true inner feelings based on display rules. A worker who smiles at a customer even when he doesn't feel like it is surface acting. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 33 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 44) Surface acting deals with ________ emotions. A) negative B) weak C) strong D) displayed E) felt Answer: D Explanation: D) Displayed emotions are those that the organization requires workers to show and considers appropriate in a given job, therefore a person engaging in surface acting is only revealing displayed emotions. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 45) Which of the following statements is true regarding surface acting? A) Surface acting is hiding inner feelings and forgoing emotional expressions in response to display rules. B) A health care provider trying to genuinely feel more empathy for her patients is surface acting. C) Research shows surface acting is less stressful to employees than deep acting. D) Surface acting deals with felt emotions as opposed to deep acting. E) Surface acting is trying to modify our true inner feelings based on display rules. Answer: A Explanation: A) Surface acting is hiding inner feelings and forgoing emotional expressions in response to display rules. Surface acting deals with displayed emotions, and deep acting deals with felt emotions. Research shows surface acting is more stressful to employees because it entails feigning their true emotions. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 46) Which of the following statements is true regarding deep acting? A) Deep acting is hiding inner feelings and forgoing emotional expressions in response to display rules. B) A worker who smiles at a customer even when he doesn't feel like it is deep acting. C) Deep acting deals with displayed emotions as opposed to surface acting. D) A health care provider trying to genuinely feel more empathy for her patients is deep acting. E) Research shows surface acting is less stressful to employees than deep acting. Answer: D Explanation: D) Deep acting is trying to modify our true inner feelings based on display rules. A health care provider trying to genuinely feel more empathy for her patients is deep acting. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 47) Diane Marshall is an office manager. Her awareness of her own and others' emotions is almost nil. She's moody and unable to generate much enthusiasm or interest in her employees. She doesn't understand why employees get upset with her. She often overreacts to problems and chooses the most ineffectual responses to emotional situations. Diane has ________. A) high self-serving bias B) low emotional dissonance C) low confirmation bias D) high cognitive dissonance E) low emotional intelligence Answer: E Explanation: E) Emotional intelligence or (EI) is a commonly accepted term based on three factors: a person's ability to (1) be self-aware (to recognize her own emotions when she experiences them), (2) detect emotions in others, and (3) manage emotional cues and information. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Affective Events Theory Quest. Category: Application LO: 4 48) ________ indicates a person's ability to be self-aware, detect emotions in others, and manage emotional cues and information. A) Emotional intelligence B) Emotional dissonance C) Confirmation bias D) Cognitive distortion E) Cognitive dissonance Answer: A Explanation: A) Emotional intelligence or (EI) is a commonly accepted term based on three factors: a person's ability to (1) be self-aware (to recognize her own emotions when she experiences them), (2) detect emotions in others, and (3) manage emotional cues and information. In general, people who know their emotions, or EI, are more effective. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 34 Objective: Emotional Intelligence Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 49) Which of the following statements is true regarding emotional intelligence (EI)? A) Evidence suggests that a person's performance on the job is independent of her EI. B) Evidence suggests that EI is not genetically influenced. C) EI is related to a person's ability to detect emotions in others. D) EI can be measured easily. E) EI is a simple straightforward concept. Answer: C Explanation: C) EI is related to a person's ability to detect emotions in others. People who know their own emotions and are good at reading emotion cues—for instance, knowing why they're angry and how to express themselves without violating norms—are most likely to be effective. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34-35 Objective: Affective Events Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 50) Which of the following is a correct argument in favor of emotional intelligence (EI)? A) EI accurately indicates linguistic abilities of a person. B) EI is a simple straightforward concept. C) The concept of EI has a biological base. D) EI can be measured easily. E) The concept of EI is different from intelligence and personality. Answer: C Explanation: C) A study suggests EI is neurologically based in a way that's unrelated to standard measures of intelligence. There is also evidence EI is genetically influenced, further supporting the idea that it measures a real underlying biological factor. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 Objective: Affective Events Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 51) Emotional intelligence (EI) is a concept that ________. A) can be measured easily B) is moderately correlated with job performance C) is not related to personality and intelligence D) indicates mathematical aptitude of an individual E) is not genetically influenced Answer: B Explanation: B) Evidence suggests a high level of EI means a person will perform well on the job. A review of 59 studies indicated that, overall, EI correlated moderately with job performance. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 Objective: Affective Events Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 52) Julia is highly aware of her own and other's emotions. She is good at reading emotional cues and knows how to express her emotions without violating organizational norms. This information indicates that Julia has ________. A) low cognitive dissonance B) low self-esteem C) low emotional dissonance D) high emotional intelligence E) high job satisfaction Answer: D Explanation: D) Emotional intelligence or (EI) is a commonly accepted term based on three factors: a person's ability to (1) be self-aware (to recognize her own emotions when she experiences them), (2) detect emotions in others, and (3) manage emotional cues and information. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Emotional Intelligence and Selection Quest. Category: Application LO: 4 53) Some researchers doubt the existence of emotional intelligence (EI). Which of the following is an argument they use against it? A) EI assumes that decisions made emotively are superior to those made dispassionately. B) EI is not related to personality or intelligence. C) The tests used to measure EI are too simplistic in what they define as right and wrong answers. D) The concept of EI is so broad and variegated as to render it effectively meaningless. E) People with high EI appear to be high performers in the eyes of others rather than in reality. Answer: D Explanation: D) To many researchers, it's not clear what EI is. Is it a form of intelligence? One researcher may study self-discipline, another empathy, another self-awareness. These broad characteristics serve as the basis for many arguments against EI. As one reviewer noted, "The concept of EI has now become so broad and the components so variegated that . . . it is no longer even an intelligible concept." Diff: 2 Page Ref: 35 Objective: Arguments against Emotional Intelligence Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 54) Whether a candidate has high emotional intelligence would not be a significant factor when considering candidates for the job of a(n) ________. A) interviewer who assesses candidates in an employment agency B) engineer heading a team designing a complex software/hardware interface C) meeting planner who must set up meetings for candidates around the world D) copy-editor who seeks out spelling errors and grammatical mistakes in manuscripts E) realtor arranging sales between homeowners and potential buyers Answer: D Explanation: D) Because the basis of EI is the ability to detect emotions in others and to recognize emotional cues, jobs that require being around a lot of people and successfully interacting with them, generally require a high EI. A copy-editor does not necessarily need to interact with a great deal of people and would not need a high EI. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 35 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Emotional Intelligence and Selection Quest. Category: Application LO: 5 55) Studies show that people who are depressed tend to make poorer decisions than those with a more positive outlook. Why is this thought to be the case? A) They tend to choose an outcome that will confirm their negative world view. B) They search for the perfect solution when rarely is any solution perfect. C) They are more likely than others to use heuristics, or rules of thumb while making decisions. D) They avoid stereotyping and other behaviors that allow them to come to a rapid decision. E) They tend to put too great a value on their own ability to affect outcomes. Answer: B Explanation: B) Evidence hints that depressed people make poorer decisions because they are slower at processing information and tend to weigh all possible options rather than the most likely one. In the end they continue to search for the perfect solution, when a perfect solution doesn't exist. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 36 Objective: Emotional Intelligence and Decision Making Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 5 56) One implication from the evidence on EI to date is that employers should consider it a factor in hiring employees, especially in jobs that demand ________. A) a high degree of social interaction B) good analytical skills C) the ability to work independently D) good critical thinking skills E) good mathematical skills Answer: A Explanation: A) One implication from the evidence on EI to date is that employers should consider it a factor in hiring employees, especially in jobs that demand a high degree of social interaction. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 36 Objective: Emotional Intelligence and Selection Quest. Category: Application LO: 5 57) Francine heads an ad agency and works with copywriters, artists, and designers to come up with effective branding solutions for new products. Why is it particularly important for Francine to keep her team happy? A) People are more conscientious when they are in a good mood. B) People tend to weigh all possible options rather than the most likely ones when they are in a good mood. C) People are less likely to use rules of thumb when they are in a good mood. D) People tend to search for perfect solutions when they are in a good mood. E) People are more creative when they are in a good mood. Answer: E Explanation: E) People in good moods tend to be more creative than people in bad moods. They produce more ideas and more options, and others think their ideas are original. So that her team at the ad agency can continue to come up with creative ideas for clients, Francine needs to keep them happy. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 36 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Emotional Intelligence and Creativity Quest. Category: Application LO: 5 58) Amber and Emmet were recently hired by a marketing agency. While Amber is typically in a good mood always, Emmet appears to be depressed most of the time. Based on this information answer the following question. What would you expect from Amber? A) She will take a great deal of time trying to make a good decision. B) She will have poor problem-solving skills. C) She will not be very creative when making decisions. D) She will find better solutions to problems. E) She will make poor decisions. Answer: D Explanation: D) People in good moods or experiencing positive emotions are more likely than others to use heuristics, or rules of thumb, to help make good decisions quickly. Positive emotions also enhance problem-solving skills, so positive people find better solutions to problems. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 36 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Moods and Decision Making Quest. Category: Application LO: 5 59) Which of the following statements is true regarding the effects of moods and emotions on decision making? A) OB researchers are increasingly finding that moods and emotions do not affect decision making. B) People in good moods or experiencing positive emotions are less likely than others to use heuristics, or rules of thumb. C) Positive emotions tend to diminish problem-solving skills. D) Evidence suggests that depressed people make better decisions. E) Depressed people tend to weigh all possible options rather than the most likely ones. Answer: E Explanation: E) Evidence suggests that depressed people make poorer decisions because depressed people are slower at processing information and tend to weigh all possible options rather than the most likely ones. They search for the perfect solution, when there rarely is one. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 36 Objective: Emotional Intelligence and Motivation Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 5 60) The corporate office has determined that the company vision needs to be amended. What should corporate leaders do to increase the likelihood that employees will accept this change? A) arouse emotions and link them to an appealing vision B) demonstrate how the vision will better the company C) evoke empathy for the CEO D) negotiate with them and express anger E) motivate employees by putting them in a good mood Answer: A Explanation: A) Effective leaders rely on emotional appeals to help convey their messages. Corporate executives know emotional content is critical if employees are to buy into their vision of the company's future and accept change. By arousing emotions and linking them to an appealing vision, leaders increase the likelihood that managers and employees alike will accept change. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 37 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Emotions and Leadership Quest. Category: Application LO: 5 61) Which of the following statements is true regarding negotiation? A) A lack of emotion improves performance during negotiation. B) Feeling bad about your performance in a negotiation is likely to improve future performance. C) Displaying negative emotions, such as anger, is ineffective. D) Feeling bad about your performance appears to innervate future negotiations. E) A negative emotional state enhances performance. Answer: A Explanation: A) Although moods and emotions have benefits at work, in negotiation, emotions may impair negotiator performance. Therefore, those lacking in emotion make the best negotiators. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 37 Objective: Emotional Intelligence and Negotiation Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 5 62) Customers shop longer when a positive employee laughs or smiles at them, making them feel happy. This passing of emotions to customers is called ________. A) emotional contagion B) positivity offset C) cognitive dissonance D) framing effect E) bandwagon effect Answer: A Explanation: A) Employees' emotions can transfer to the customer. Studies indicate a matching effect between employee and customer emotions called emotional contagion, the "catching" of emotions from others. Emotional contagion is important because customers who catch the positive moods or emotions of employees shop longer. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 38 Objective: Emotional Intelligence and Customer Service Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 5 63) Henry is upset because his boss recently reprimanded him for missing a deadline. He put him on a probation period in which Henry lost his two days a week telecommuting privilege. Henry now has to work at the office five days a week. Which of the following is most likely to result from Henry's negative attitude due to the reprimand? A) deviant workplace behavior B) emotional contagion C) cognitive dissonance D) positivity offset E) distinction bias Answer: A Explanation: A) People who feel negative emotions, particularly anger or hostility, are more likely than others to engage in deviant behavior at work. Henry is feeling angry about his reprimand and may take it out on the company somehow. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 38 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Emotional Intelligence and Deviation Quest. Category: Application LO: 5 64) Evidence suggests people who feel negative emotions, particularly ________ or hostility, are more likely than others to engage in deviant behavior at work. A) nervousness B) tension C) anger D) stress E) depression Answer: C Explanation: C) Evidence suggests people who feel negative emotions, particularly anger or hostility, are more likely than others to engage in deviant behavior at work. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 38 Objective: Emotional Intelligence and Safety Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 5 65) Which of the following statements is true regarding the norms for expression of emotions across culture? A) In individualistic cultures people are more likely to believe another's emotional displays have something to do with the relationship between them. B) The Japanese attribute frequent smiling to a high level of intelligence. C) People in collectivist cultures don't think others' emotional expressions are directed at them. D) French retail clerks are famous for being friendly and helpful. E) As compared to the United States, in the Middle East, a smile is more likely to be seen as a sign of sexual attraction. Answer: E Explanation: E) People in the United States and the Middle East recognize a smile as indicating happiness, but in the Middle East a smile is more likely to be seen as a sign of sexual attraction, so women have learned not to smile at men. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 39 AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity Understanding Objective: Workplace Romance Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 6 66) Which of the following statements is true regarding people's interpretation of emotions across culture? A) People's interpretation of emotions varies greatly across culture. B) Chinese consider negative emotions more useful and constructive than do people in the United States. C) Western individualistic cultures such as the United States view pride as undesirable. D) Pride is generally a positive emotion in Eastern cultures such as China and Japan. E) In China, people report experiencing more positive and negative emotions than people in other cultures, and the emotions they experience are more intense. Answer: B Explanation: B) People from all over the world interpret negative and positive emotions in much the same way. Chinese consider negative emotions more useful and constructive than do people in the United States. Pride is generally a positive emotion in Western individualistic cultures such as the United States, but Eastern cultures such as China and Japan view pride as undesirable. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 39 AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity Understanding Objective: Emotions and Culture Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 6 67) Which of the following statements is true regarding the degree to which people experience emotions across cultures? A) The degree to which people experience emotions is independent of culture. B) People in China report experiencing more positive and negative emotions as compared to people in other cultures. C) U.S. workers, on average, report more positive and fewer negative emotions than their Chinese counterparts. D) The emotions experienced by people in China are more intense as compared to emotions experienced by people in other cultures. E) Compared with Mainland Chinese, Taiwanese employees report fewer positive and more negative emotions than their Chinese counterparts. Answer: C Explanation: C) The degree to which people experience emotions varies across cultures. In China, people report experiencing fewer positive and negative emotions than people in other cultures, and the emotions they experience are less intense. Compared with Mainland Chinese, Taiwanese are more like U.S. workers in their experience of emotions: on average, they report more positive and fewer negative emotions than their Chinese counterparts. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 39 AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity Understanding Objective: Emotions and Culture Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 6 68) Moods are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Emotions are defined as intense feelings that are directed at someone or something, while moods are feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and often lack a contextual stimulus. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 Objective: Moods Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 69) Moods are feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Moods are defined as feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and often lack a contextual stimulus. Moods aren't usually directed at a person or an event. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 Objective: Moods Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 70) Moods are more action oriented in nature than emotions. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Emotions are more action oriented in nature than moods. Moods tend to be cognitive in nature. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 Objective: Basic Emotions Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 71) Emotions last longer than moods. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Moods last longer than emotions. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 Objective: Moods and Emotions Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 72) Negative affect is a mood dimension consisting of nervousness, stress and anxiety at the high end and relaxation, tranquility, and poise at the low end. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Negative affect is the classification of moods that consists of emotions such as nervousness, stress, and anxiety at the high end and relaxation, tranquility, and poise at the low end. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Objective: Negative Affect Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 73) When nothing in particular is going on, most individuals experience a mildly negative mood. Answer: FALSE Explanation: When nothing in particular is going on, most individuals experience a mildly positive mood. This is known as positivity offset. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Objective: Positivity Offset Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 74) Affect intensity is the individual differences in the strength with which people experience emotions. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Affect intensity is defined as the individual differences in the strength with which individuals experience their emotions. Affectively intense people experience both positive and negative emotions more deeply: When they're sad, they're really sad, and when they're happy, they're really happy. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 29 Objective: Affect Intensity Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 75) Relaxation is a pure marker of high positive affect. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Relaxation is a pure marker of low negative affect. Excitement is a pure marker of high positive affect. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Objective: Affect Intensity Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 76) Boredom is a pure marker of low positive affect. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Boredom is a pure marker of low positive affect. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Objective: Moods and Weather Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 77) People tend to be in their best moods on Sunday. Answer: FALSE Explanation: People tend to be in their worst moods (highest negative affect and lowest positive affect) on Sunday. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30 Objective: Moods and Days of the Week Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 78) Emotions are critical to rational thinking. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Emotions are critical to rational thinking. We must have the ability to experience emotions to be rational. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30 Objective: Illusory Correlation Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 79) Stress typically has a negative effect on mood. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Stressful daily events at work (a nasty e-mail, an impending deadline, the loss of a big sale, a reprimand from the boss) negatively affect moods. The effects of stress also build over time. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 Objective: Moods and Stress Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 80) For most people social activities decrease positive mood. Answer: FALSE Explanation: It is the opposite, as for most people, social activities increase positive mood and have little effect on negative mood. Research suggests activities that are physical (skiing or hiking with friends), informal (going to a party), or epicurean (eating with others) are more strongly associated with increases in positive mood than events that are formal (attending a meeting) or sedentary (watching TV with friends). Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 81) Evidence confirms there is no real difference between men and women when it comes to emotional reactions. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Evidence does confirm women are more emotionally expressive than men; they experience emotions more intensely, they tend to "hold onto" emotions longer than men, and they display more frequent expressions of both positive and negative emotions, except anger. Thus, there are some gender differences in the experience and expression of emotions. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 32 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 82) Men tend to hold on to emotions longer than women. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Evidence indicates that women experience emotions more intensely and they tend to "hold onto" emotions longer than men. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 32 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 83) Men generally express anger more frequently than do women. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Anger is the one exceptional emotion that men express more frequently than women. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 32 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 84) Research indicates that as we grow older we experience more negative emotions. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Research indicates that emotional experience improves with age; as we get older, we experience fewer negative emotions. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 32 Objective: Arguments against Emotional Intelligence Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 85) If an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions, the employee is performing emotional labor. Answer: TRUE Explanation: All jobs require a certain degree of emotional labor, or an employee's expression of organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions at work. Emotional labor means behaving in a way that may or may not be contrary to how a person is feeling, but is necessary for work. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 86) Emotions that are organizationally required and considered appropriate in a given job are termed displayed emotions. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Displayed emotions are those that the organization requires workers to show and considers appropriate in a given job. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 87) Displayed emotions are innate. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Displayed emotions are those that the organization requires workers to show and considers appropriate in a given job. They're not innate; they're learned. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 88) Research shows surface acting is more stressful to employees than deep acting. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Research shows surface acting is more stressful to employees because it entails feigning their true emotions. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 33 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 89) Surface acting deals with felt emotions rather than displayed emotions. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Surface acting deals with displayed emotions, and deep acting deals with felt emotions. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 90) Deep acting is hiding inner feelings by modifying facial expressions. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Deep acting is trying to modify one's true inner feelings based on display rules. For example, a nurse who tries to empathize more with her patients is deep acting. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 33 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 91) Evidence indicates that EI is genetically influenced. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Evidence indicates that EI is genetically influenced, further supporting the idea that it measures a real underlying biological factor. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 Objective: Emotional Labor and Compensation Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 92) Studies indicate that emotional intelligence is moderately correlated with job performance. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Evidence suggests a high level of EI means a person will perform well on the job. A review of 59 studies indicated that, overall, EI is moderately correlated with job performance. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 34 Objective: Arguments for Emotional Intelligence Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 93) Emotional intelligence can be measured easily with the help of standard tests. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Many critics have raised questions about measuring EI. The measures of EI are diverse, and researchers have not subjected them to as much rigorous study as they have measures of personality and general intelligence. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 35 Objective: Affective Events Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 94) People in good moods or experiencing positive emotions are less likely than others to use heuristics, or rules of thumb. Answer: FALSE Explanation: People in good moods or experiencing positive emotions are more likely than others to use heuristics, or rules of thumb, to help make good decisions quickly. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 36 Objective: Emotion and Negotiation Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 5 95) Positive emotions enhance problem-solving skills. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Positive emotions also enhance problem-solving skills, so positive people find better solutions to problems. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 36 Objective: Emotions and Culture Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 5 96) Explain the differences between the following terms: affect, emotions, and moods. Answer: Affect is a generic term that covers a broad range of feelings that people experience. It's an umbrella concept that encompasses both emotions and moods. Emotions are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something. Finally, moods are feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and which lack a contextual stimulus. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 Objective: Affect, Emotions, and Moods Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 97) At what time of day are people in the best mood? Describe how mood changes throughout the day. Answer: We often think that people differ, depending on whether they are "morning" or "evening" people. However, the vast majority of us follow the same pattern. Regardless of what time people go to bed at night or get up in the morning, levels of positive affect tend to peak around the halfway point between waking and sleeping. Negative affect, however, shows little fluctuation throughout the day. This basic pattern seems to hold whether people describe themselves as morning people or evening people. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 30-31 Objective: Moods and Time of Day Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 98) What is the difference between felt emotions and displayed emotions? Answer: You can better understand emotions if you separate them into felt versus displayed. Felt emotions are an individual's actual emotions. In contrast, displayed emotions are those that are organizationally-required and considered appropriate in a given job. The key point here is that felt and displayed emotions are often different. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 33 Objective: Felt Emotions and Displayed Emotions Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 99) Explain how stress affects emotions and moods. Answer: Stress affects emotions and moods. For example, students have higher levels of fear before an exam, but their fear dissipates once the exam is over. At work, stressful daily events (a nasty e-mail, an impending deadline, the loss of a big sale, being reprimanded by your boss, and so on) negatively affect employees' moods. Also, the effects of stress build over time. As the authors of one study note, "a constant diet of even low-level stressful events has the potential to cause workers to experience gradually increasing levels of strain over time." Such mounting levels of stress and strain at work can worsen our moods, and we experience more negative emotions. Although sometimes we thrive on stress, for most of us, stress begins to take its toll on our mood. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 Objective: Emotions, Moods, and Stress Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 100) Discuss whether there are gender differences regarding emotions. Answer: The common belief is that women are more emotional than are men. Is there any truth to this? The evidence does confirm that women are more emotionally expressive than are men; they experience emotions more intensely; they tend to "hold onto" emotions longer than men, and they display more frequent expressions of both positive and negative emotions, except anger. Although there may be innate differences between the genders, research suggests that emotional differences also are due to the different ways men and women have been socialized. Men are taught to be tough and brave. Showing emotion is inconsistent with this image. Women, in contrast, are socialized to be nurturing. For instance, women are expected to express more positive emotions on the job (shown by smiling) than men, and they do. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 Objective: Emotions and Gender Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 101) Zach is a pharmaceutical sales representative and must put on a smile everyday at work with his clients. Discuss the emotional labor experienced by Zach. Explain the significance of emotional intelligence demanded of Zach in order to be successful, and how he applies his emotions and moods in his job. Answer: Zach has to engage in surface acting on a daily basis. He has to smile and act positive regardless of his felt emotions in order to be successful. Certainly there will be times when Zach has emotional dissonance, or feels a disparity between his true emotions and how he must appear to his clients. Zach's job would require a fair amount of rest and relaxation for him to continue to be successful. Zach uses his emotions and moods positively to guide his clients into making quick decisions in the purchase of his products. People in good moods tend to make quicker decisions. Zach also applies his moods to stay motivated, to walk out the door into the field everyday. Each sale is a tiny negotiation and Zach must have a bit of a poker face, not letting the client know the true impact of the sale on his life. Finally, Zach applies his moods and positive emotions to provide excellent customer service to his clients. He spreads his good mood through emotional contagion and is able to get his customers to make larger orders and remain loyal to him in the competitive pharmaceutical industry. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 33, 36,37 AACSB: Reflective Thinking Skills Objective: Emotions and Gender Quest. Category: Synthesis LO: 3, 5 102) Elvira wants to hire three new customer service representatives. She is considering using a measure of EI to help select her new employees. Explain what EI is and how it could be useful for Elvira for the jobs that she's hiring for, and the reasons why she should not depend entirely on the EI measures for her selection. Answer: Emotional intelligence (EI) is a person's ability to (1) be self-aware (to recognize her own emotions when she experiences them), (2) detect emotions in others, and (3) manage emotional cues and information. People who know their own emotions and are good at reading emotion cues, for instance, knowing why they're angry and how to express themselves without violating norms, are most likely to be effective. One implication from the evidence on EI to date is that employers should consider it a factor in hiring employees, especially in jobs that demand a high degree of social interaction. Elvira is hiring for customer service, which requires a great deal of social interaction. Elvira should also consider that EI is hard to measure and is very vaguely defined so she should not entirely depend on EI measures for her selection. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 34,35 AACSB: Reflective Thinking Skills Objective: Emotions and Gender Quest. Category: Synthesis LO: 4 103) What is emotional intelligence? Briefly explain the arguments for and against emotional intelligence. Answer: Emotional intelligence is a person's ability to: (a) be self-aware (to recognize her own emotions when she experiences them); (b) detect emotions in others; and (c) manage emotional cues and information. People who know their own emotions and are good at reading emotion cues–for instance, knowing why they're angry and how to express without violating norms–are more likely to be effective. The arguments for EI include: a) Intuitive Appeal. There's a lot of intuitive appeal to the EI concept. Most everyone would agree that it is good to possess street smarts and social intelligence. b) EI Predicts Criteria That Matter. Evidence is mounting that suggests a high level of EI means a person will perform well on the job. c) EI Is Biologically Based. One study has shown that people with damage to the part of the brain that governs emotional processing (lesions in an area of the prefrontal cortex) score significantly lower on EI tests. The arguments against EI include: a) EI Is Too Vague a Concept. To many researchers, it's not clear what EI is. b) EI Can't Be Measured. Many critics have raised questions about measuring EI. Because EI is a form of intelligence, for instance, then there must be right and wrong answers about it on tests, they argue. c) The Validity of EI Is Suspect. Some critics argue that because EI is so closely related to intelligence and personality, once you control for these factors, EI has nothing unique to offer. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 34-35 Objective: Emotional Intelligence Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 104) Discuss the emotional labor experienced by a customer service executive. Explain how a worker's emotional state can affect customer service and customers. Answer: Most jobs require emotional labor an employee's expression of organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions at work. A worker's emotional state influences customer service, which influences levels of repeat business and levels of customer satisfaction. Providing quality customer service makes demands on employees because it often puts them in a state of emotional dissonance. Over time, this state can lead to job burnout, decline in job performance, and lower job satisfaction. In addition, employees' emotions may also transfer to the customer. Studies indicate a matching effect between employee and customer emotions, an effect that is called emotional contagion, the "catching" of emotions from others. The primary explanation of emotional contagion is that when someone experiences positive emotions and laughs and smiles at you, you begin to copy that person's behavior. So when employees express positive emotions, customers tend to respond positively. Emotional contagion is important because when customers catch the positive moods or emotions of employees, they shop longer. When an employee feels unfairly treated by a customer, for example, it's harder for him to display the positive emotions his organization expects of him. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33, 37-38 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Emotions and Customer Service Quest. Category: Critical Thinking LO: 5 105) Jack's department has three employees that are Chinese nationals. Keeping in mind that in China, negative emotions are viewed positively and pride is viewed negatively, how might Jack need to change his leadership and motivation methods with these three employees? Answer: With his three Chinese employees Jack would probably benefit from a more serious, stern, respectful attitude, rather than a smiling, friendly, and positive attitude. Many motivational tools, such as small public recognition awards, would be embarrassing or even insulting for the Chinese employees, as they consider pride to be negative. Jack would benefit by rewarding them privately, or with small bonuses or lunches out. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 39 AACSB: Reflective Thinking Skills; Multicultural and Diversity Objective: Emotions and Gender Quest. Category: Synthesis LO: 6 |
Moods are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something. true false
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