How is ethnicity a centripetal force

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Ethnicity Vocabulary
Barrioization:  The dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood.
Blockbusting:  A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood.
Centrifugal Forces: A centrifugal force is the exact opposite of a centripetal force. It is a force or attitude that tends to divide a state. Centrifugal forces destabilize and weaken a state by disrupting the internal order of the state.
Centripetal Forces: A centripetal force is a force or attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state They provide stability, strengthen the state, help bind people together, and create solidarity. 
Diaspora:  (literally "dispersed") It is often used to refer to Jews or blacks of African descent who maintain aspects of their common heritage despite living in diverse communities throughout the world. 
Ethnic cleansing:  Process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.  This could involve genocide, or could be limited to forced removal of an ethnic group from their homes or neighborhoods, thus creating refugees.
Ethnic Enclaves: is a place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area. Ethnic neighborhoods in cities are often referred to as ethnic enclaves, but there are other types (Hungarians in Romania)
Ethnic landscape:  an area that has an ethnic culture, like an ethnic neighborhood, will reveal the visible imprint of that culture on the landscape, for example signs in the language of the culture group or symbols of culture such as certain colors or icons will be present. (usually in the context of urban ethnic neighborhoods).
Ethnic neighborhoods:  Concentrations of people from the same ethnicity in certain pockets of the city (ethnic enclaves)  
Ethnicity:  Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common homeland and cultural traditions.  A person's perceived social and cultural identity. "African-American" "Irish" "Lakota" "Greek"
Ethnoburb:​ suburban area with a cluster of a particular ethnic population. 
Ethnocentrism:  evaluating other peoples and cultures by the standards of one's own culture, thinking one's own culture is superior to the culture of others
Genocide:  A premeditated effort to kill everyone from a particular ethnic group.
Ghetto:  A segregated ethnic area within a city.
Ghettoization:  to turn something into a ghetto, to isolate people in a ghetto and neglect the area thus reinforcing poverty. Housing practices we discussed in Ethnicity were part of this process in the United States.
Great Migration:  was the movement of 6 million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the Northeast, Midwest, and West from 1910 to 1970. Some historians differentiate between the first Great Migration (1910–1930), numbering about 1.6 million migrants who left mostly rural areas to migrate to Northern and Midwestern industrial cities, and, after a lull during the Great Depression, a Second Great Migration (1940 to 1970), in which 5 million or more people moved, including many to California and various western cities.
Nation: culturally defined group of people with a shared past and common future
Nation-State:  A sovereign state made of up of people who see themselves as one united group, joined by history, culture or ethnicity. Examples include Denmark, Japan, Germany, and most of Western Europe.
Nationalism: is loyalty and devotion to a nationality. This typically promotes a sense of national consciousness that exalts one nation above all others and emphasizes its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nationalities. 
Nationality: is identity with a group of people who share legal attachment to a particular country. "American" "Peruvian"
Public housing is a form of housing in which the property is owned by a government authority, which may be central or local.
Race:  Identity with a group of people who are perceived to share a physiological trait, such as skin color. (socially constructed).  "Black" "White" 
Racism:  Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.
Racist:  A person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism.
​Racial Steering: Realtors steeering whites away from African-American neighborhoods and African-Americans away from white neighborhoods. Although made illegal by the Fair Housing Act of 1968 studies have shown it still happens.
Redlining: A lending practice by banks. Maps were created by the Federal Housing Administration that deemed certain, primarily African-American neighborhoods as in decline, and the FHA would not back loans in those neighborhoods. Banks used the maps to draw lines around neighborhoods where they would not make loans. This led to deterioration and low home values and rents in those neighborhoods.
Restrictive Covenants: legal agreements built into property deeds that prohibited sellers from selling their houses to African-Americans or other non-caucasians. Click for more.
Self-determination:  Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves. Relates to nation-state concept and rise of nation-states. Woodrow Wilson made this one of his 13 points which were ideas about how the world should be reorganized politically following World War I.
Sharecropper:  A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops.  Many African-American former slaves had this occupation until technology reduced the need for large numbers of farmers.
Social Distance:  the extent to which people are willing to interact and establish relationships with racial or ethnic groups other than their own.
Succession: process by which new immigrants to a city move to and dominate or take over areas or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant groups. (Invasion & Succession)
Symbolic landscape:  the signs and images found in the landscape used to convey meaning and messages.  These can include statues and public monuments or street signs.  Many reflect regional cultures and give people a sense of place ("Genius of Water" in Fountain Square or our riverboat imagery on the riverfront and in the Reds stadium).  

An example of a centripetal force in politics is __________.

Possible Answers:

partisan political debates that upset balances of power

religious divisions among major regions

a terrorist attack on a major city

a paramilitary group specifically targeting an ethnic minority

one region of a country getting preferential treatment over another

Correct answer:

a terrorist attack on a major city

Explanation:

A centripetal force in politics is any action that unites the people of a nation as one singular political unit. Events that create division or push people in a nation away from each other is known as a centrifugal force. A classic example of a centripetal force is any kind of attack on a nation, as it usually serves to create a mentality that the entire country was attacked.

Which of the following is a forward capital?

Possible Answers:

Correct answer:

Brasilia, Brazil

Explanation:

A forward capital is a symbolically relocated capital city, usually because of either economic or strategic reasons. The former capital of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, was located on the coast, and the residents of the interior felt distant from the government. The Brazilian government built a new capital, Brasilia, in the heart of the Amazon rainforest to try to unite the country. All the other capitals were not made capitals for this reason.

Nationalistic forces that tend to bind a country together are called __________.

Possible Answers:

Correct answer:

centripetal

Explanation:

Nationalistic forces that bind a country together are called “centripetal forces.” Common examples of “centripetal forces” include a shared sense of common history, a shared language, reliable national institutions, and government legitimacy. The opposite of “centripetal forces” are “centrifugal forces,” which divide a country.

The term “Balkanization” refers to __________.

Possible Answers:

The co-operative unification of smaller countries into a larger state

The hostile fragmentation of a large state into several smaller countries

The process of forming an international alliance by renouncing certain elements of sovereignty

The deliberate creation of a buffer state to prevent two powerful states from attacking one another

The restructuring of state boundaries to reflect the nationalities of various regions

Correct answer:

The hostile fragmentation of a large state into several smaller countries

Explanation:

The term “Balkanization” comes from the Balkans region of Southeastern Europe. For many hundreds of years, the Balkans have been home to a large number of disparate and often hostile nationalities, usually governed under the administration of one empire (Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, Yugoslavian). In the 1990s, this all disintegrated as each nationality sought its own state and control over the other nationalities. The term “Balkanization” has come to mean the hostile fragmentation of a large state into several smaller countries. Although it does not technically have to be wholly hostile, it generally is.

Centrifugal forces tend to __________.

Possible Answers:

bind a country together with a shared sense of identity

provide protection for a smaller country that feels threatened by a much larger country

aid the ambitions of empire-builders

pull a country apart from the inside

fall apart when faced with any form of uncertainty or animosity

Correct answer:

pull a country apart from the inside

Explanation:

“Centrifugal forces” are forces within a country that work to pull that country apart. They are more common in larger states, particularly states that contain a large number of different nationalities competing for control and/or self-determination.

Pakistan recently moved its capital from Karachi, in the South, to Islamabad in order to encourage growth in the country and in the region around Islamabad in particular. Islamabad is therefore a __________.

Possible Answers:

Correct answer:

forward-thrust capital

Explanation:

A “forward-thrust capital” is a capital that is deliberately located, or relocated, to a specific region within a country. Islamabad in Pakistan and Brasilia in Brazil are the two most notable examples of “forward-thrust capitals."

Brazil moved its capital from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia in order to __________.

Possible Answers:

meet the environmental obligations of the United Nations

further centralize the country and reduce Brazil’s dependence on the Amazon River Basin

encourage economic growth in other regions of the country

isolate the Brazilian government from attacks from the governments of Argentina and Paraguay

take advantage of the rich mining opportunities in the region surrounding Brasilia

Correct answer:

encourage economic growth in other regions of the country

Explanation:

For much of Brazil’s history, its economic development has been largely concentrated in the coastal regions, and more specifically in the southeastern coastal region where Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paolo, and other wealthy Brazilian cities are located. In an effort to accelerate the growth of the interior of the country, and to further unify the disparate regions of the vast Brazilian territory, the government moved the capital from Rio to Brasilia in 1960.

Which of the following Canadian provinces routinely seeks self-determination and independence?

Possible Answers:

Explanation:

Quebec is the French-speaking province of Canada that contains the important cities of Montreal and Quebec City. Due to its status as a majority French-speaking province within an English-speaking state Quebec has many distinct cultural features that distinguish it from the rest of Canada. Quebec routinely seeks self-determination through referendums and political movements. After a very slim referendum victory in 1998, support for the separatist Bloc Quebecois has slipped, as has that party's power in the national parliament.

Which of the following is not a centripetal force?

Possible Answers:

Mountain range that cuts across the country

Correct answer:

Mountain range that cuts across the country

Explanation:

Centripetal forces pull a country together- like a common language, shared culture, or spirit of nationalism do. Centrifugal forces pull a country apart- often ethnic or ideological differences, but geographic features like mountain ranges as well, since they physically divide people within the country and can make communication difficult.

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